G B 



STATES GEULUUICAL SURVEY 



L M n 1 1 r II 



Water-Sttpply Paper 239 



THE 



(,)l ALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS 

OF ILLINOIS 



BY 



W. D. COLLINS 




WASHINGTON 

aOVEKNMEN'^ PRINTING OFFICE 







Gass (JJ370S" 
Book XBC7. 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
UNITKD STATKS (JKC )!.()( i I( A L Sl'RVKY 

UEOKGK OTIS SMITH. Dirkctok 



Water- Supply 1»aper 2',i9 



rnK 



yi AIJTV OF THE SniFACE WATFliS 

OF ILLINOIS 



BY 



W. 1). COLLINS 




WA8HIN(iTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1910 



JUN 22 1910 






^.^:;^^ 



LC Control N\jmber 




tnip96 026241 



t 



^^ 



"S 

e 



CONTENTS. 

IntrtHliirtion 5 

Outliiu' of report 5 

Neeti of invt'sti^tion fi 

ProviouH work ♦) 

CoojK»nitive work 7 

Aoknowletl^ments K 

Physical ft'aturi'S S 

To|>o^raph y H 

Hytlrojjraphy 9 

Climate 9 

Cleology 10 

Econ<»mir features 11 

Population 11 

A^rriiulture 12 

M iiies P2 

Manufactures 13 

Surface water supply 15 

Quality of waters 15 

Ckjllection of samples 15 

Analytical methods 15 

Results 17 

Detailed investigations 17 

Lake Michigan 17 

Reservoirs 19 

Rock River 20 

Illinois River drainage basin 25 

General statement 25 

Chicago drainage canal 25 

Desplaines River 26 

Kankakee River 26 

Fox River 28 

Vermilion River 30 

Sangamon River 31 

Illinois River 33 

Kaskaskia River 38 

Muddy River 40 

Mississippi River 41 

Wabawh River system 49 

Wabash River 49 

Vermilion River 49 

Embarrass River 50 

Little Wabash River 51 

Cache River 52 

Ohio River 53 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

Surface water supply — Continued. Page. 

Municipal supplies 53 

Wells 53 

Surface supplies 54 

Untreated waters 54 

Purification 54 

Industrial uses of water 57 

General statement 57 

Laundry water 57 

Steam-boiler water 58 

Softening 59 

Conclusions 61 

Analytical tables 62 

Index 91 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Plate I. Map of Illinois showing location of sampling stations 

II: Diagrams showing composition of material carried by Illinois waters . 

III. Diagrams showing relative amounts of dissolved and suspended 

material carried by Illinois waters 



Page. 
14 
16 

18 



THE QUAIJTY OF TlIK srHFACK W ATKItS OF ILLINOIS. 



By W. I). CoiiiNs. 



INTHODl ( TION. 
OUTLINE OF REPORT. 

This report furnishes the means of statin<^ with fair accuracy the 
quahty of water which may be found at any point alonj^ the hirj^er 
streams within or horderintij the State of Uhnois. It also includes 
some explanation of the variations in the (juaiity of the water at 
difTerent times and places. The natural and economic features 
which determine the character of the streams are considered in a 
t^eneral way. The lar^rer drainage divisions are described briefly. 
A short account of tlie distribution of population and principal indus- 
tries of the State shows how these are afTected by the streams and 
how they influence the quality of water in the streams. Methods of 
collecting anil analyzing sam])les of water are described. The sur- 
face waters of the State were re])resented by samples taken at 'J7 
different points. Each river is discussed in detail with reference to 
its source, course, discharge, and quality of water. The cities located 
on it are considered with reference to their use of and their effect on 
the water. Short chapters on municipal su])])lies and industrial 
uses of water save needless repetition in discussing the value of the 
water of each river. It is shown that the only large supplies of water 
in the State are surface waters. Nearly all the surface waters are 
so polluted as to be unfit for domestic use without purification. 
They usually contain such dissolved mineral matter and so much 
suspended material as to be unsuitable for many manufacturing 
purposes, ])ut by ])roper treatment they may be rendered safe for 
drinking and suitable for all industrial uses. The proper purification 
of surface waters is in the greater part of the State the only way to 
obtain a large supply of satisfactory water. If in some way the flow 
of all streams might be regulated and kept more uniform, the increased 
uniformity in quality of the water would make much easier the prob- 
lem of proper treatment. 

The average amount of water used each day in cities of the United 
States varies from 50 to 150 gallons j)er caj)ita. Of this the amount 
used for drinking is not much over one-half gallon. It is of the 

5 



6 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

greatest importance that this one-half gallon shall be free from the 
germs of disease, notably typhoid fever, and shall be reasonably 
clear and reasonably free from taste. This is all that is required to 
make this one-half gallon a satisfactory water. For many uses, as 
sprinkling streets, flushing sewers, etc., almost nothing is required in 
the way of purity. There is left for consideration a large number of 
other uses in which the value of the water depends on the amount 
and kind of mineral matter it contains. For use in laundries, in 
steam boilers, in textile works, and for the same kind of work at 
home, the best water is one which is clear, is free from iron, and con- 
tains only a moderate amount of other mineral matter. 

NEED OF INVESTIGATION. 

In time past the attention of those concerned with the quality of 
water has been directed very largely to the question of its fitness for 
drinking, but within the last few years corporations and communi- 
ties have awakened to a realization of the great waste occasioned by 
the industrial use of unsuitable waters. The railroads of the country 
are spending thousands of dollars every year in treating their boiler- 
feed waters so as to render them less injurious to their boilers, the 
money thus spent being saved many times over in decreased cost of 
repairs and increased life of locomotive boilers. Many laundries find 
it profitable to install expensive apparatus for softening water, rather 
rather soften it with soap. Water must be purified for use in many 
woolen mills, breweries, and other establishments, while in some 
cities the whole city supply is softened. 

In planning a waterworks system for home, factory, or munici- 
pality, it is not enough to know whether the water is safe for drinking. 
To determine the best water for all purposes, it is necessary to know 
the amount and character of the mineral matter it contains. With- 
out such knowledge, no estimate can be made of the cost of purifying 
the water and making it suitable for drinking and for industrial 
uses. For most well waters a single analysis is enough to give a 
very accurate idea of the water which may be found in a given well, 
but the quality of the water in a stream varies so much that an opinion 
based on the results of an examination of a single sample of water from 
a given river would nearly always be very different from an opinion 
based on the results of a series of analyses, where the samples were 
taken regularly for some time. 

PREVIOUS WORK. 

A large amount of work had been done on the quality of river 
waters in Illinois before the beginning of this report. In Water-Sup- 
ply Paper 194" M. O. Leighton has given a digest of the testimony 

o Pollution of Illinois and Mississippi rivers by Chicago sewage: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey 
No. 194, 1907. 



INTRODUCTION. 7 

in the suit of the State of Missouri against the State of Illinois and 
the sanitary district of Chicago. As evidence in this case, results 
were presented from several thousand analyses of samples of water 
from Illinois River and its tributaries, with many analyses of Mis- 
souri and Mississippi water. The analyses made at that time were 
not analyses of the mineral constituents, but were mainly determina- 
tions of the amounts of certain substances present in very small 
quantities, usually less than 1 per cent of the total material dissolved 
in the water. These results merely indicated the purity of the water 
as regards sewage contamination and have little value for deter- 
mining the value of the water for any use other than for drinking. 

The Illinois State Water Survey, organized in 1895, has made a 
great many analyses of Illinois waters, but most of them have been 
for the purpose of determining the purity of waters for domestic 
use. Many analyses of the mineral content of waters have been 
made by the State Water Survey, but these are mainly of well waters. 

The railroads of the State have made many partial analyses of 
all sorts of waters in their efforts to obtain for locomotive boilers 
those that are least injurious. The samples of the river waters are 
selected usually at random or in the driest seasons. Thus, with a 
very large number of partial analyses available, it was not possible 
to learn definitely just what might be expected in the way of water 
at any point on any river in the State. 

COOPERATIVE WORK. 

As part of an investigation" of the quality of surface waters in the 
United States, the waters of the State of Illinois were studied as one 
unit. A cooperative agreement for one year was entered into July 
1, 1906, between the United States Geological Survey, the State Water 
Survey of Illinois, the engineering experiment station of the University 
of Illinois, and the State Geological Survey of Illinois. This agreement 
called for the investigation of mineral and organic constituents of the 
surface and ground waters of the State, together with experimental 
work on the action of waters in steam boilers, the purification of waters 
for industrial and domestic use, and other similar problems. Edward 
Bartow, director of the State Water Survey of Illinois, was desig- 
nated as administrative director of the investigations to be carried 
on under the agreement. The writer was assigned to the investiga- 
tion of surf ace waters, and began work in Illinois July 16, 1906. The 
points for the collection of samples had already been decided by 
the board of control of the cooperative work, consisting of M. O. 
Leighton for the United States Geological Survey, Edward Bartow 
for the State Water Survey, L. P. Breckenridge, Arthur N. Talbot, 
and Samuel W. Parr for the engineering experiment station, and 

oDole, R. B., Quality of surface waters in the United States, Part I: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. 
Survey No. 236, 1909. 



8 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

H. Foster Bain for the State Geological Survey. Arrangements 
were made at once for the collection of daily samples at 26 stations 
on rivers and at reservoirs, Doctor Bartow engaging collectors at 
the stations in the northern part of the State and the writer arranging 
for the collections on the rivers in the central and southern parts. 
Owing to lack of funds the United States Geological Survey was 
unable to renew the agreement for another year, so that the analytical 
work after June 30, 1907, was carried on by the other parties to the 
cooperation. This report gives the results of analyses of these sam- 
ples of water, together with such other material as is necessary to 
make the figures of value. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The analyses of river waters were made in the laboratory of the 
Illinois State Water Survey by the writer until April 18, after which 
time they were made by Mr. C. K. Calvert. Other analyses have 
been obtained from the United States Geological Survey laboratories 
engaged in similar investigations in 1906-7. In the descriptive 
matter free use. has been made of various publications of the Weather 
Bureau and the Bureau of the Census, and especially of the works of 
Palmer ^ and Leverett ^ on the waters of Illinois. 

PHYSICAL FEATURES. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Illinois is a flat State. It is the lowest of the North-Central States, 
having a mean elevation of 600 feet, whereas that of neighboring 
States is from 700 to 1,100 feet.^ In general, it slopes from north to 
south, with no pronounced changes in elevation. The most promi- 
nent ridge in the State is the Ozark uplift, in the southern part of the 
State, crossing from a point near Shawneetown, on the Ohio, to Grand 
Tower, on the Mississippi. This strip of elevated land, hardly 10 
miles wide, stands about 300 feet above the neighboring tracts. The 
main features of the surface over the greater part of the State are due 
to the deposits of material left by the glaciers which once covered 
the State nearly to the Ozark uplift. In the lower portion, as far 
north as St. Louis, the drift is so thin as to exert little influence on the 
streams, but in the region north from St. Louis nearly all the stream 
courses are through this glacial drift. The elevations in this section 
show the amount of cutting which has been done by the streams. 

a Palmer, A. W., Chemical survey of the waters of Illinois, University of Illinois, 1904. 
b Leverett, Frank, The Illinois glacial lobe: Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 38, 1899. 
c Leverett, Frank, The water resources of Illinois: Seventeenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 
1896, p. 703. 



PHYSICAL FEATURES. 9 

HYDROGRAPHY. 

Except for the run-off of about 6,000 square miles in Wisconsin 
and about 3,000 square miles in Indiana and water from Lake Michi- 
gan equivalent to the drainage of 6,000 to 7,000 square miles, the 
rivers of Illinois carry only water precipitated within the boundaries 
of the State. Nearly all the drainage of the State is to the west and 
south into Mississippi River, but a small area is drained by streams 
flowing to the southeast into Wabash and Ohio rivers. 

Rock River drains about 5,000 square miles in Wisconsin and a 
somewhat larger area in the northeastern part of Illinois. It dis- 
charges into the Mississippi at Rock Island. 

Illinois River has the largest drainage basin in the State. The Chi- 
cago drainage canal and Desplaines, Kankakee, Fox, Vermilion, Macki- 
naw, Spoon, and Sangamon rivers all discharge into the Illinois, 
which carries into the Mississippi at Grafton the drainage from nearly 
half the State. The direct drainage into the Mississippi is small. 

Kaskaskia and Muddy rivers drain the western half of the area 
from a little above St. Louis to the Ozark uplift. 

Cache River is the largest stream draining the area below the 
Ozark ridge. The eastern half of the State, as far north as Cham- 
paign County, is drained into the Wabash through Vermilion, 
Embarrass, and Little Wabash rivers. Each of these streams will 
be considered in detail as regards the amount of flow, the quality of 
the water, and the value of the stream as a source of supply. Owing 
to the thorough cultivation of the land, the stream flow throughout 
the State is highly variable. There is nearly always a period of low 
water in the heated term, when the evaporation and absorption are 
greatest. During the winter, when the precipitation is light, the 
streams have another period of low water. The greatest floods occur 
in the early spring with the thawing pf the ground, melting snow, and 
heavy rains. There is often a later flood in June and a slight rise 
above the normal in the early fall. 

CLIMATE. 

On account of the uniform elevation of the State, the climate is 
very largely determined by the latitude. The mean annual tempera- 
ture decreases regularly from 58° at Cairo to 48° at Chicago. The 
mean temperature at Springfield is 52°. The summers are hot and 
the winters cold, the range of temperature being from about 105° to 
— 20° F. The average annual rainfall is 36.5 inches. For the south- 
ern section the average is 39 inches, for the central district 36 inches, 
and for the northern district 34 inches. The period from August 1, 
1906, to July 31, 1907, was one of exceptional rainfall, the average 



10 



QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. 



for the State being 44.2 inches, 7.7 inches more than the mean annual 
rainfall. In every month of this period, except February, the rain- 
fall in the State was nearly equal to or greater than the average. 
Table 1 shows the average temperature and rainfall for each month 
of the period. 

Table 1. — Average temperature and precipitation in Illinois, by months, August, 1906, 

to July, 1907 a 



Date. 



1906 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1907 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July : 



Temperature. 



Average. 



'F. 
76.3 
70.8 
54.1 
40.4 
32.7 



31.1 
29.8 
47.9 
44.2 
56.7 
68.4 
75.7 



Departure 
from the 
mean of sev- 
eral years. 



'F. 
+2.4 
+3.8 

- .6 

- .1 
+2.7 



+4.8 
+3.3 
+8.3 
-7.6 
-6.1 
-3.1 
.0 



Precipitation. 



Average. 



Inches. 
4.01 
5.10 
1.71 
3.91 
3.09 



5.69 
.55 
3.11 
2.76 
4.05 
4.47 
5.75 



+7.8 



44.20 



Departure 
from the 
mean of sev- 
eral years. 



Inches. 
+0.85 
+ 1.86 
- .47 
+1.28 
+ .87 



+3.22 
-1.66 

- .27 

- .30 
+ .05 
+ .38 
+ 1.89 



+7.70 



a Monthly Weather Review, U. S. Weather Bureau. 



GEOLOGY. 



All except the extreme southern part of Illinois is covered by 
glacial drift. This mantle varies in thickness from a few feet at the 
southern extremity to about 200 feet in the northern part of the 
State. It is made up of clay, gravel, and sand, with bowlders and in 
some sections layers of soil buried some distance below the surface. 
Alden," in a study of this material in southern Wisconsin, made many 
analyses of the pebbles. He collected from 50 to 200 pebbles at 
random in a given region, divided them into groups according to 
the different kinds of rock represented, and calculated the percentage 
of each kind. In nearly every lot he found that over two-thirds of 
the pebbles were of some form of limestone very high in magnesium. 
With the exception of the rapid run-off immediately after a rain, the 
greater part of the water flowing in the rivers of Illinois has come 
through this glacial drift. The high magnesium content of the drift 
would account for the fact that the waters flowing in these streams 
contain a larger proportion of magnesium than do the waters of many 
other rivers. 



o Alden, W. C, The Delavan lobe of the Lake Michigan Glacier: Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 34, 
1904. 



ECONOMIC FEATURES. 11 

The glacial drift is a source of water supply for many of the inhabit- 
ants of Illinois. Over large areas in the north-central part of the 
State deep wells in the drift furnish an abundant supply of water. 
Beneath the drift the most important geologic division in the State 
is the Pennsylvanian series. This contains the coal which makes up 
so large a part of the natural wealth of Illinois. In the coal-bearing 
portions of the State there is very little underground water. Wells 
10 to 20 feet deep furnish individual supplies, but cities have to rely 
on reservoirs which impound the drainage of small areas. The impor- 
tant water-bearing rocks are too deep to be easily reached, and where 
water has been found it has contained so much dissolved mineral mat- 
ter that it has proved unsatisfactory. 

In the northern part of the State two water-bearing formations are 
available as sources of supply — the St. Peter sandstone, of Ordovician 
age, and the older, deeper-lying Potsdam sandstone. The St. Peter 
sandstone appears at the surface in southern Wisconsin and dips 
rapidly to the south. It is a porous bed, and the water reaching it in 
southern Wisconsin is absorbed and transmitted southward. Where 
not drawn on too heavily, this water will rise nearly to the surface in 
Illinois when tapped by wells. Wells obtaining water from the St. 
Peter sandstone are about 1,000 to 1,500 feet deep, those farthest 
south being generally the deepest. In the northern part of the State, 
at depths of 2,000 to 2,500 feet, water is found in the Potsdam sand- 
stone, which is the surface rock over much of central and northern 
Wisconsin. The thickness of this sandstone is not known, but it 
furnishes an abundant supply of water. The various limestone 
deposits between the St. Peter and Potsdam sandstones and above 
the St. Peter sandstone are used in only a few places as a source of 
water supply. As the Potsdam and St. Peter sandstones appear to 
be shallow-water or shore deposits they contain varying quantities 
of salts, so that in some places the waters that they, yield are briny. 
At some places the St. Peter sandstone will furnish better water, 
while at others the Potsdam will do so. 

ECONOMIC FEATURES. 

POPULATION. 

The distribution of population in Illinois is largely dependent on 
the surface water supplies. At the time of the census of manufac- 
tures in Illinois in 1905 all but 1 of 11 cities with 20,000 or more 
inhabitants were situated on Lake Michigan or on some of the larger 
rivers of the State. Of 21 cities with populations between 8,000 
and 20,000 only 7 were not situated on a large river or the lake. 
This concentration of population in the cities located on streams 
and the lake may be due in part to the advantages of such locations 



12 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

in the way of cheap transportation and power, but that factor can 
not be of great importance, for at the present time very Httle water 
power is utiHzed in the State, and transportation by water is of 
importance to very few cities. In all these cities, on the other 
hand, a large amount of water is used for manufacturing purposes, 
and the abundant supply available in such locations is undoubtedly 
one of the chief causes of their growth. Supplies of water from 
sources other than rivers and lakes are usually so small as to limit 
the population served by them to a low figure, beyond which increase 
is scarcely possible. This fact will always count strongly in favor 
of the river and lake cities in the establishment and extension of 
manufacturing plants and the increase of population necessary for 
conducting them. 

AGRICULTURE. 

On account of the richness of the soil the wealth of Illinois is very 
largely derived directly or indirectly from agricultural pursuits. The 
greater part of the State is covered with a rich black loam, which is 
especially well suited for growing corn. The southern part of the 
State does not have so rich a soil as the northern and central parts and 
produces somewhat more varied crops. The climate is favorable for 
raising cereals. In 1900 Illinois produced nearly 70 per cent of all 
the corn grown in the United States, 7 per cent of the wheat, and 22 
per cent of the oats. This excessive production of corn accounts in 
some measure for the extent of the distilling industry in the State. 
The magnitude of the dairy business naturally follows from the great 
fertility of the soil. Many large dairy farms are necessary to supply 
Chicago and the other cities with milk and butter. In addition to 
supplying the demand within the State, the dairies of Illinois produce 
large quantities of butter and condensed milk, which are shipped to 
many different points in the United States. 

MINES. 

In addition to the wealth derived from the ground by growing 
plants, Illinois has a large store of mineral wealth under the ground 
in the form of coal, with smaller amounts of oil and lead and zinc ores 
and large amounts of undeveloped material, such as clays. 

Nearly three-fourths of the State is underlain by productive coal 
measures. The working of the coal mines has, in some places, a very 
noticeable effect on the streams draining the mining regions. The 
effect of the mine drainage on streams in Pennsylvania has been care- 
fully studied by M. O. Leighton." In Illinois there are no such serious 

a Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey 
No. 108, 1904. 



ECONOMIC FEATURES. 13 

changes in the character of the streams. This is in some measure due 
to the facts that the mine regions of the State have less complete 
systems of drainage and that no large streams from outside flow 
through them. The effect of the sulphuric acid from the mine drain- 
age may easily be seen in the analyses of the water from Muddy 
River at Murphysboro (Table 37). Here the value of the SO4 radicle 
varies from 24 to 186 parts per million at different times of the year. 
The variation in the value of the SO4 radicle in the water of the Mis- 
sissippi at Chester was from 36 to 81 parts. The great variation in 
the character of the water coming from mining regions makes such 
water unsafe to use in steam boilers and very difficult to treat for 
purification either for drinking or for boiler use. 

A large amount of limestone is quarried in the State. This industry 
has no effect 01:1 the water supplies. 

Recently large amounts of oil have been produced in the south- 
eastern part of Illinois, and the opening of the oil wells has had the 
usual effect on the streams. Similar conditions have been studied 
by Bowman * in the Indiana oil fields. Embarrass River, which 
drains the oil fields, has been affected by the salt water from the 
wells. In Indiana some streams have been so polluted by the waste 
waters from oil wells that they have been abandoned as sources of 
municipal supply. 

MANUFACTURES. 

As a manufacturing State Illinois has many great advantages. 
Its central location makes easy the procuring of raw materials and 
the distribution of manufactured products. The transportation 
facilities of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River are of great value. 
Additional improvements in river courses may in time greatly in- 
crease the ease of marketing the output of the factories of the State. 
Illinois is very well covered by railroads which furnish transporta- 
tion for raw and manufactured materials. The railroads are so 
numerous and the State so centrally located that they made the 
manufacture and repair of cars and general railroad-shop construc- 
tion the twelfth industry in importance in the State at the census of 
1905. As already mentioned, the natural wealth of the soil furnishes 
material for the manufacture of liquors, dairy products, and a small 
fraction of the meat products of the State. 

The largest industry in Illinois is slaughtering and meat packing. 
In 1905 Illinois produced one-third the total value of meat products 
of the United States, 85 per cent of this amount being produced in 
Chicago. The other leading cities in this industry were Peoria and 

o Bowman, Isaiah, The disposal of strawboard and oil-well wastes: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. 
Survey No. 113, 1905. 



14 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

East St. Louis. The nuisance resulting from the slaughtering in- 
dustry in Chicago was a large factor in bringing about the construc- 
tion of the Chicago drainage canal, the operation of which has had 
a marked effect on the amount and quality of water flowing in 
Illinois River. 

Next in importance is the iron and steel industry. The extensive 
supply of coal makes it possible to take advantage of the ease with 
which iron ore can be procured and to build up the great industrial 
centers for the manufacture of iron and steel products. The leading 
cities in this industry were Chicago, East St. Louis, and Joliet. 
Twenty-seven establishments reported the use of 334 steam engines 
of 155,348 total horsepower, or an average of 5,743 horsepower for 
each establishment. To furnish feed water and condenser water 
for over 5,000 horsepower would require more than the whole supply 
of many small cities dependent on underground waters. Although 
there are several other requirements that might be important 
enough to be determining factors in the location of such plants, the 
need of water is enough in itself, and in Illinois the necessary supply 
of water can be obtained only from a large stream or lake. 

Foundry and machine-shop products are next in value to the iron 
and steel products. The establishments are located in about the 
same places as the iron and steel mills, and are the next largest users 
of steam power. 

The next industry in importance is the manufacture of distilled 
and malt liquors. Of eleven distilleries in the State, six are located 
in Peoria. These six produced in 1905 nearly 78 per cent of all the 
distilled liquors produced in the State and 32 per cent of the total 
quantity produced in the United States. The chief product is 
whisky, made from corn, which is grown in great abundance through- 
out the State. The manufacture of malt liquors is not so concen- 
trated, extensive establishments being located in most of the large 
cities. 

The waste materials from distilleries and breweries in great part 
find their way finally to the rivers. In some places they are dis- 
charged directly into the streams ; in others they are fed to cattle and 
thus indirectly furnish a large amount of organic matter to the 
streams. 

The manufacture of clothing, flour and gristmill products, agri- 
cultural implements, railroad cars, furniture, and some of the other 
more important products is less influenced by and has less influence 
on the waters of the State. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 239 PLATE I 



91 



90 



89 



88" 




ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL 
CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL 



20 40 60 MILES 



91" 



90 



63 



88" 



MAP OF ILLINOIS SHOWING SAMPLING STATIONS. 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 15 

SURFACE WATER SUPPLY. 

QtJALITY OF WATERS. 
COLLECTION OF SAMPLES. 

In accordance with the plan outhned on page 7 samples of water 
were collected daily from 17 rivers and reservoirs at 27 different 
points in the State. These points of collection are shown on the map 
(PL I). Four-ounce samples were taken each day for one year, be- 
ginning August 1, 1906, except at Moline, where the first sample was 
taken February 1, 1907; at Marion, where none were taken after 
March 20, 1907; and at other stations where collections were omitted 
for brief periods. When possible, the 4-ounce sample bottles were 
rinsed several times and filled from pumps taking water from the 
river or reservoir. Where there was no pump at the point of collec- 
tion, water to fill the bottles was dipped from near the surface, or else 
the bottle was let down with a sinker and filled some distance below 
the surface. The last method would give the most accurate sample 
if the bottle were filled at exactly the right point in the cross section 
of the river, but the samples from pumps represented the water actu- 
ally obtained in practice and the kind likely to be obtained by other 
pumps. The 4-ounce samples were sent each day to the laboratory 
of the Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana. A label on the bottle 
gave the date, the initials of the collector, the name of the station, 
and (where the gage height was obtainable) the stage of the river. 

ANALYTICAL METHODS, 

When the 4-ounce samples were received in the laboratory, all from 
one station for ten days were united in a half -gallon bottle. After 
about November 1 the samples from a station received during each 
third of a month were united, whether there were more or less than 10. 
This made all the composites complete for the same periods and sim- 
plified the handling of the samples. Determinations were made on 
each composite sample, as follows: 

Turbidity was determined with the Jackson electric turbidimeter 
for values over 100 parts per million. For values between 100 parts 
and 50 parts comparison was made with silica standards in 500 cubic 
centimeter clear-glass bottles. For values below 50 parts, the stand- 
ards were kept in bottles of the same kind as those holding the com- 
posite samples. 

Suspended matter was determined by filtering from 100 to 500 
cubic centimeters through an asbestos mat in a porcelain Gooch cru- 
cible, drying for an hour at 180°, and weighing. Some of the samples 
contained finely divided matter which could not be removed by the 
asbestos mat, thus giving too low a value for the suspended matter. 



16 - QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

Dissolved solids were obtained by weighing the residue from the 
evaporation in platinum of 500 cubic centimeters of filtered water. 

Silica, iron, and aluminum were separated from the total residue 
in the usual manner. The silica was weighed and volatiHzed with 
hydrofluoric acid. As a rule the iron and aluminum precipitate was 
dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the iron determined colorimetric- 
ally with potassium sulphocyanide and by comparison with perma- 
nent standards. 

Calcium and magnesium were determined in half the filtrate from 
the iron and aluminum precipitate. The calcium was precipitated 
as oxalate, dissolved in sulphuric acid, and titrated hot with potassium 
permanganate. Magnesium was precipitated as ammonium-mag- 
nesium phosphate; after standing overnight the precipitate was 
washed and dissolved in dilute nitric acid. This solution was made 
alkaline to methyl orange with ammonia and nitric acid added to 
make it barely acid. Sodium acetate was then added and the phos- 
phoric acid titrated with uranium nitrate, with potassium ferrocya- 
nide indicator. In some of the early analyses the addition of the 
phosphate was made in alkaline solution. These precipitates may 
have contained more phosphate radicle than the amount correspond- 
ing to ammonium-magnesium phosphate. In such a case titrating 
the phosphoric acid would give too high a value for the magnesium. 

Sulphate and alkalies were determined in the other half of the 
filtrate from the iron and aluminum precipitate. The sulphate was 
precipitated and weighed as barium sulphate. The sodium and 
potassium were weighed as chlorides after the removal of magnesium, 
calcium, and barium by barium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, 
and ammonium carbonate. Sodium and potassium were not sepa- 
rated. 

Nitrate was determined by the phenol-sulphonic acid method. 

Chlorine was determined by evaporating 100 cubic centimeters 
of filtered water down to 25 cubic centimeters, adding potassium 
chromate, and titrating with silver nitrate solution. The strength 
of silver nitrate solution was such that 1 cubic centimeter represented 
5 parts per million of chlorine. 

Carbonates and bicarbonates were determined by titration with 
fiftieth-normal acid potassium sulphate solution, using phenolphthal- 
ein and methyl orange indicators. No sample during the first two 
months was found to be alkaline to phenolphthalein, so its use was 
discontinued throughout the rest of the year, except for occasional 
samples, none of which was found to be alkaline to phenolphthalein. 

For the first month all the analytical work was done by the writer. 
After that time assistance was furnished by the State Water Survey. 
Until April 1, 1907, all the titrations and color comparisons and most 



y}. 



Sulphate 
radicle 
(SO4.) 



Calcium 
(Ca) 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 239 PLATE 



m 



Carbonate 
radicle 
(CO3) 



125 

—I 



150 

=3 



Eliver 
iboro 



Vermilion River Embarrass River 

at at 

Danville Lawrenceville 

Embarrass River 

at 

Charleston 



Mississippi River 

at 

Chester 



Mississippi River 

at 

Quincy 



Mississippi River 

at 

Moline 



z 




Little Wabash River 

at 

Carmi 



Cache River 

at 

Mounds 




U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



LEGEND 



Vermilion River Embarrass River 

at ^^ 

Danville Lawrcnceville 

Embarrass River 

at 

Charleston 




DIAGRAMS SHOWING COMPOSITION OF MATERIAL CARRIED BY ILLINOIS WATERS. 



I 



LAKE MICHIGAN. 17 

of the weighings were made by the writer. Much of the other work 
was done by assistants without much knowledge of chemistry, but 
with considerable skill in manipulation. C. K. Calvert conducted the 
analytical work from April 20, 1907, till the completion of the analyses 
of the samples collected July 31, 1907. 

RESULTS. 

The results of the analyses are given in Tables 19 to 45, each table 
containing all the analyses for one station with the averages for the 
year and average gage readings for stations where gages were main- 
tained. Table 46 contains the averages for the year for all the 
stations. Plate II shows graphically the composition of the dry 
residue from the evaporation of filtered water and Plate III the rela- 
tive amounts of dissolved and suspended matter. The analytical 
results are expressed as radicles — that is, elements or combinations of 
elements which take part in chemical reactions as if they were ele- 
ments. Although no one can state positively how these radicles are 
combined in the water, and the general opinion is that to a consider- 
able extent they are uncombined, nevertheless the metallic or basic 
radicles, as calcium, magnesium, and sodium must be present in quan- 
tities equivalent to the total quantity of acid radicles — chlorine, nitrate, 
sulphate, and bicarbonate radicles. In a careful analysis the sum of 
the radicles as determined minus the half -bound carbonic acid will 
be nearly equal to the weight of the residue at 180° C. On account of 
the large number of analyses made in a short time and the amount 
of work done on them by persons who were not chemists, many of 
the analyses when completed would show that they did not represent 
accurately the character of the water. Many analyses were not com- 
plete on account of the small number of daily samples received during 
the ten-day period. The omission of analyses or determinations in 
the tables of results is due largely to failure to receive the samples, 
though some samples were lost in the laboratory and a few determina- 
tions have been rejected because they show very clearly that they are 
erroneous. 

DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS. 

LAKE MICHIGAN. 

Drainage. — Lake Michigan receives the drainage of only a very 
small portion of Illinois. The amount of water carried from the lake 
by the Chicago drainage canal is much greater than that received 
from the small area of the State draining into the lake. The greater 
part of the drainage into the lake enters from Michigan and Wiscon- 
sin. The total area of the Lake Michigan drainage basin is estimated 
28987— IRR 239—10 2 



• I 



18 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

at 68,000 square miles, of which 22,400 square miles is lake area. 
Thus, if the rainfall were uniform over the whole basin, about one- 
third of the water reaching the lake would be pure rain water. This 
would cause a notable dilution of the water fed to the lake by streams 
emptying into it. To a certain extent the effect of this dilution is 
counteracted by the greater evaporation from the lake surface than 
from the surrounding land. 

Municipal supplies. — Along the shore of the lake are situated estab- 
lishments furnishing over one-half the manufactured articles pro- 
duced in the State. Most of these industries are located in Chicago, 
but there are important factories at Evanston, Waukegan, and other 
cities along the shore. The leading position of Chicago as a manu- 
facturing center is due in large measure to her excellent railroad facili- 
ties, but the lake transportation is of importance to certain industries. 
Hardly any other source in Illinois would supply enough water for the 
manufactories bordering the lake, and no other source could offer water 
of so good a quality except in comparatively small quantity. More 
water is used from Lake Michigan than from any other single source 
in Illinois. The cities of Chicago, Evanston, Fort Sheridan, Highland 
Park, Lake Forest, North Chicago, Pullman, Waukegan, West 
Hammond, and Winnetka, with a total population of 3,000,000, draw 
their municipal supplies from the lake. All along the lake front there 
is a supply of underground water at depths of 1,000 to 2,000 feet, but 
in many places this water, while safe to drink, contains so much 
dissolved mineral matter as to render it unfit for most industrial 
uses. This deep-well supply, however, is not sufficient for any large 
community. 

Quality of water. — In the past there has been danger in the use of 
the lake water for drinking because the intakes were too near the 
shore and sewage was allowed to flow into the lake. The opening of 
the Chicago drainage canal was a great advance in keeping the water 
of the lake pure, and there is now a steady effort to prevent pollution. 
As the lake water is sufficient for any community and is almost the 
best water available in the State for industrial uses, it naturally 
follows that all the cities and States located on the lake have a vital 
interest in keeping the water pure enough for domestic use. 

The water of Lake Michigan has been so carefully studied in former 
years that no analyses were made for this report. The character of 
the lake water is nearly constant, so that one analysis is as good as a 
large number. 

Certain determinations were made on the Chicago city supply for 
a number of years in connection with work on the Chicago drainage 
canal. Analyses were made of samples collected each week from 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 239 PLATE III 



Reservoir 
at Marion 



Reservoir 
at Cypress 



Reservoir 
at Cartter 



m 



M 



Kankakee River 
Rock River at Ka nkake e 
Rock River at Sterling 
Reservoir at Ro ckford 
at Joppa 



Fox River 
at Ottawa 



Fox River 
at Elgin 



Vermilion River 
at Streator 



Sangamon River Sangamon River 

at Decatur Sangamon River at 

at Springfield Chan dlervi le 



niuiois River uji^^ig Rj^^r Illinois River 
at basaue ^^ .pg^j^a at KampsviUe 



^ 



Kaskaskia River ^.'J'^^yu^'r' 

at Shelbyville ^ , , . ^. at Murphj^oro 
r-=^ — I Kaskaskia River | 

at Carlyle 



Mississippi River 
at Chester 



Vermilion River 



Embarrass River 



nnuionKver Embarrass River r ^^ .„ Little Wabash River Cache Rlvei 
at Danville ^-Tr^^S Lawrenceville ^^carmi at Mounds 



m 



at Charleston 



Mississippi River 
Mississippi River at Quincy 
at Moline 



LEGEND 



Dissolved 
solids 



Suspended 
matter 



Vertical scale 

100 200 300 



400 



Parts per million 

DIAGRAMS SHOWING RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF DISSOLVED AND SUSPENDED MATERIAL 
CARRIED BY ILLINOIS WATERS. 



EESERVOIRS. 19 

January 4, 1897, to December 26, 1900. The average values for 
dissolved solids and chlorine for. the years stated were as follows:*^ 

Table 2. — Partial analyses of Chicago city water supply. 
fParts per million.] 



Period. 



1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

May 1-October 30, 1888. 



Dissolved 
solids. 



136.6 
137.6 
132.0 
132.2 
136.4 



Chlorine. 



2.9 
3.2 
3.1 
3.3 
2.1 



These results would indicate that the amount of mineral matter in 
the water of Lake Michigan at Chicago does not vary much from year 
to year. Below is given an analysis by Long of the mineral content 
of the lake water : 

Analysis of Lake Michigan water. ^ 

Parts per 
million. 

Silica (SiOa) 5.2 

Iron (Fe) 24 

Calcium (Ca) 32 

Magnesium (Mg) 11 

Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 2. 3 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) c 73 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 7. 2 

Chlorine (CI) 2. 3 

With the exception of certain small reservoirs, no supply of water 
in the State contains less dissolved mineral matter than the lake 
water. Most of the waters used in the State contain twice as much 
of material that will form scale in steam boilers, and nearly all are 
much more turbid than the lake water as delivered to the consumers 
in the cities where it is used. 

RESERVOIRS. 

Distribution and use. — Throughout the greater part of southern 
IlHnois there is no abundant supply of water. Individual needs are 
met by shallow wells, which are liable to fail in dry weather and 
which do not furnish enough water for large communities. In this 
section of the State there is no underground water that is available 
and suitable for domestic and industrial use. Thus municipalities 
not located on streams of good size have been compelled to obtain 

a Long, J. H., Chemical investigations of water supplies of Illinois, 1888-89. 

b Long, J. H., op. cit., 1885, p. 7. 

c Probably present as the bicarbonate radicle; equivalent to 148 parts HCO3, 



20 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

their supplies through the use of impounding reservoirs. Eleven 
cities, with a population of 26,000, obtain their city supplies from 
such reservoirs. 

Samples. — ^Through the kindness of R. S. Charles, division engineer 
of the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad, at Salem, 111., arrange- 
ments were made for the collection of samples from reservoirs used as 
sources of locomotive feed water. Collections were made at Cartter, 
Marion, Cypress, and Joppa. Some difficulty was experienced in 
obtaining samples regularly from Marion; and as the water from 
Marion was much the same as that from the other three reservoirs, 
collections at this station were discontinued after March 20, 1907. 

Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from these 
four reservoirs are given in Tables 19, 20, 21, and 22. All four furnish 
a very satisfactory water for boiler purposes. The greater part of 
the time they contain large amounts of finely divided yellow or brown 
silt, which is very difficult to remove by any method of filtration. 
This is the same material that is found in the water from Little 
Wabash, Muddy, and Cache rivers. Marion is located in the midst of 
a mining section, a fact that probably accounts for the high value for 
sulphate in the analysis of the water from the Marion reservoir. For 
use in boilers or in any place where the color and turbidity do not 
detract from the value of the water, the water from the reservoirs at 
Cartter and Joppa is considerably better than that from Lake Michi- 
gan. These natural reservoirs give the softest water obtainable in 
the State, except that from carefully constructed artificial reservoirs. 

ROCK RIVER. 

Drainage. — Rock River rises in Wisconsin, between the upper Fox 
and the south end of Lake Winnebago, and flows in a southwesterly 
direction till it enters the Mississippi near Rock Island. The length 
of the river is nearly 300 miles and the drainage area approximately 
11,000 square miles. About half the length and drainage area are in 
Wisconsin. In the upper part of the drainage basin there are numer- 
ous lakes and swamps, which tend to equalize the discharge of the 
river throughout the year. Practically all of the course of the river is 
in glacial drift. (See p. 10.) In Ilhnois the banks of the river expose 
the Silurian and Ordovician formations down to and including the 
St. Peter sandstone. The uniform character of the bed makes an 
even distribution of fall throughout its course. From its source to 
the point where it empties into the Mississippi there is a fall of 340 
feet, making an average slope of 1.2 feet to the mile. The greatest 
fall in Illinois for any considerable distance is from Oregon to Sterling 
and Rock Falls, a distance of 36 miles, in which the average slope is 
1.31 feet to the mile. In Wisconsin there is one stretch of 30 miles 
with an average slope of 1.9 feet to the mile. Locally there are even 
higher grades. 



ROCK RIVER. ■ 21 

There have been many power developments along the river, and 
some of the power is utilized at the present time. For the sake of 
the power users, the flow is regulated to a certain extent at some of 
the lakes in Wisconsin. The discharge of Rock River has been 
studied at various points in order to determine the available water 
power. During the period covered by the analyses in this report the 
only gagings made were at Rockton, where the United States Geo- 
logical Survey has maintained a gage since October 1, 1906. Gage 
readings had been made at Rockton during parts of several previous 
years, but the station was discontinued July 1, 1906, so that during 
the months of August and September, while samples were being col- 
lected for analysis, no gage readings were taken. From the gage 
readings and rating table of the Geological Survey discharges were 
calculated for each day from October 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907. The 
average discharge at Rockton for that period was 4,430 cubic feet 
per second. As Rockton is about halfway down the drainage basin 
from the source of the river, the average discharge into the Mssissippi 
was probably from 8,000 to 9,000 second-feet. 

Industrialuses. — Rockford, thelargest city on Rock River, is situated 
about 20 miles south of the Wisconsin line. Its chief industries are the 
manufacture of furniture, hosiery and knit goods, agricultural imple- 
ments, foundry and machine-shop products, and glucose." Other cities 
of over 1,000 inhabitants situated on Rock River, mostly at water- 
power sites, are Byron, Oregon, Dixon, Sterling, Rock Falls, and 
Prophetstown. Sterling and Rock Falls, being just across the river 
from each other, form one community for many purposes, such as 
water supply. At nearly all these cities some water power is used for 
manufacturing, but all the large establishments depend to a certain 
extent on the use of steam power. 

Municipal supplies. — The municipal water supplies for all the cities 
along Rock River are obtained from wells, most of them from 1,000 to 
2,000 feet deep. Analyses by the State Water Survey of samples of 
water from these wells show the mineral content to be much the same 
as that of the river water. These well waters are free from the tur- 
bidity and sewage pollution of the river water, so that the only reason 
for changing from the underground to surface supply would be an 
insufficient supply of the former. As the cities along the river in- 
crease in population and in manufacturing establishments the time 
may come when the underground supplies will not be sufficient. In 
such cases the river water can be so purified as to make an acceptable 
supply. 

Samples. — To determine the quality of water in Rock River sam- 
ples were obtained at Rockford and Sterling, the largest cities on the 
river in Illinois. At each place a 4-ounce bottle was filled with river 

o Census of Manufacture, 1905, Illinois; Bull. XJ. S. Bureau Census, No. 52. 



22 



QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



water and mailed to the laboratory of the Illinois State Water Survey 
at Urbana every day for a year, beginning August 1, 1906. Samples 
of the river water at Rockford were furnished by Fred H. Gregory, 
chief engineer of the waterworks. The waterworks pumping station 
is located on the river bank; and the daily samples were collected 
from the circulating pump that furnishes water for the condensers. 

The samples of water at Sterling were collected by C. A. Yohn, chief 
engineer of the Illinois Straw Products Company, of Rock Falls. The 
plant of this company is run partly on water power, but some steam 
power is used at all times, as the water power is not sufficient. The 
sample bottles were filled from a pump taking water from the river 
just outside the wheelhouse. Owing to the breakage and loss of bot- 
tles in the mails and to accidents in the laboratory, several analyses 
were not completed or seemed too irregular for use. The analyses 
completed in a satisfactory manner are given in Tables 23 and 24, 
together with average values for the year. 

Quality of water. — For the sake of comparison with one another and 
with analyses from other rivers, the average analyses for the year at 
Rockford and Sterling are given in Table 3 in the form used by Clarke." 
This form of expression shows the percentage composition of the dry 
residue from the evaporation of filtered water from the river. 

Table 3. — Average percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Rock River water ^ 

August 1, J 906, to July 31, 1907. 



Carbonate (CO3) 

Sulphate (SO4) 

Chlorine(Ci) 

Nitrate (NO3) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 

Silica (Si02) 

Iron oxide (FeaOa) 

Salinity, parts per million 



Rockford. 


Sterling. 


49.6 


48.4 


8.8 


9.4 


1.8 


2.1 


1.6 


1.4 


18.0 


18.3 


10.0 


10.1 


4.0 


4.5 


6.0 


5.6 


.2 


.2 


100.0 


100.0 



250 



267 



These analyses show that the composition and amount of dissolved 
mineral matter are much the same at the two cities 60 miles apart. As 
is usually the case where a river flows through a populated region with 
manufacturing cities, the amounts of sodium, chlorine, and sulphate 
increase, as does the total amount of dissolved material. The most 
striking difference in the water at the two places is in the turbidity 
and suspended matter, the values for which are twice as great at the 
lower station as at the upper one. The greatest variation between dif- 
ferent samples from the same station are in the turbidity and sus- 
pended matter. Rivers in general grow more turbid toward their 



o Clarke, F. W., The data of geochemistry: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 330, 1908. 



EOCK RIVEK. 



23 



mouths, but at any place the turbidity may be due to local causes 
and not really represent the general condition of the river. If the 
figures for the average analysis for either Rockford or Sterling were 
taken to represent the average quality of the water at any point along 
the river in IlHnois, the error would hardly amount to 10 per cent, 
which for any industrial purposes might be neglected. 

To show the connection between the stage of the river and the 
quality of the water, use has been made of the discharges calculated 
from the United States Geological Survey gage heights. Although 
the distance by river from Rockton to Rockford, where the water 
samples were collected, is about 13 miles, the discharge at Rockford 
is probably not very different from that at Rockton. In order to 
study the variations in amount of mineral matter carried past Rock- 
ford in solution, the amount in tons per twenty-four hours has been 
calculated for each ten-day period. These values are given in Table 4. 

Table 4. — Discharge of and dissolved solids in Rock River at Rockford. 



Date. 



1900 

October 1-October 8 

October 10-October 18 

October 20-October 29 

November 1-November 8 

November 10-November 19 

November 20-November 29 

December 1-December 10 

December 11-December 20 

December 21-December 31. 

1907 

January 1- January 10 

January 11- January 20 

January 21- January 30 

February 10-February 18 

February 19-February 28 

March 2-March 10 

March 11-March 20 

March 21-March 31 

April 1-April 10 

April 11-April 20 

April 21-April 30 

May 1-May 10 

May 11-May 20 

May 21-May 31 

June 2- June 10 

June 11- June 20 

June 21- June 30 

July 1-July 10 

July 11-July 20 

July 21-July 31 

Average 



Discharge 
( second- 
feet). o 



638 

532 

711 

847 

712 

1,990 

2,329 

1,603 

1,451 



6,401 
5,839 
12, 200 
5,970 
6,561 
3,590 
4,427 
5,716 
9,433 
7,648 
5, 136 
4,630 
2,941 
4,303 
5,613 
6,029 
4,075 
4,202 
5,278 
7,655 



4,430 



Dissolved solids. 



Parts per 
million. 



243 
296 
281 
286 
287 
274 
256 
295 
320 



218 
228 
173 
261 
194 
233 
230 
243 
223 
246 
266 
275 
306 
268 
268 
275 
283 
243 
239 
247 



257 



Tons per 
24 hours. 



418 

485 

540 

652 

550 

1,470 

1,610 

1,270 

1,250 



3,760 
3,590 
5,680 
4,610 
3,430 
2,250 
2,750 
3,750 
5,660 
5,070 
3,680 
3,430 
2,430 
3,250 
4,050 
4,470 
3,110 
2,750 
3,400 
5,030 



2,910 



o Calculated from measurements made at Rockton. 



The average discharge at Rockford for the period from October 1, 
1906, to July 31, 1907, was 4,430 cubic feet per second. The aver- 
age discharge at Rockton, calculated from observations of the 
United States Geological Survey for a number of years, is 4,900 
cubic feet per second. The average discharge at Sterling, calculated 



24 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

in the same manner, is 6,600 cubic feet per second. The average 
amount of dissolved mineral matter carried past Rockford from 
October 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907, was 2,910 tons per twenty-four 
hours. The amount of dissolved matter carried past Rockford 
annualh^, calculated from the figures for the average flow through- 
out a year and the average value of the dissolved matter for a year, 
as given in Table 4, is 3,300 tons per twenty-four hours, and the 
amount carried past Sterling is 4,760 tons per twenty-four hours. 
The average amount of suspended matter varies more than the 
dissolved matter. It is probable that the variation in amount of 
suspended matter is not uniform throughout the river but is largely 
dependent on local conditions. 

The amount of dissolved matter in parts per million is the least 
variable of the three quantities given in Table 4. This shows, as 
might be expected, that during times of high water the river has 
a smaller amount of dissolved mineral matter in a given amount of 
water. This reduction is not proportional to the increase in the 
flow, because an increase in flow above the normal is not caused 
wholly by water free from mineral matter. In times of high flow 
much of the water in the river has not been on or in the ground for 
any considerable time, and therefore has not dissolved much mineral 
matter. Nevertheless it is not pure rain water. 

Consideration of the amounts of dissolved solids and the dis- 
charges for the different periods at the two stations show that these 
quantities are both more variable at Rockford than at Sterling. It 
is characteristic of normal rivers to be more variable in flow and 
in quantity of water near their sources than farther downstream, 
where the larger number of tributaries tend to equalize the flow 
and quality of the water. 

Summary. — The water of Rock River is a good average water for 
Illinois. It is not safe for drinking, but could be made so. The 
turbidity is of such a nature as to be easily removed by moderate 
storage, leaving a clear water. The magnesium is high, but the 
magnesium and calcium are present almost wholly as carbonate or 
bicarbonate, so that the softening of the water for laundry purposes 
is a simple matter. The water forms little scale when used in steam 
boilers; washing out once a week with a good stream of water will 
keep most boilers free from it. All these things and more might 
also be said for the well waters in the Rock River valley, but the 
well waters can not be obtained in great abundance by merely run- 
ning a few feet of pipe out from a pump, as those of the river can be. 
The easily available supply of satisfactory industrial water from the 
river will be a large factor in saving the more potable underground 
water and in increasing the amount of manufacturing carried on 
in the cities located on the river. 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 25 

ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 
GENERAL STATEMENT. 

Illinois River drains nearly one-half the State. The direct drain- 
age into the river is small, nearly all of its flow coming from large 
tributaries. The tributaries and their drainage areas are given in 
the following list : 

Area of drainage basins of tributaries of Illinois River. a 



Square miles. 

Desplaines River 1, 392 

Kankakee River 5, 146 

Fox River 2, 700 

Vermilion River 1, 317 

Mackinaw River 1, 217 

Spoon River 1, 870 



Square miles. 

Sangamon River 5, 670 

Crooked Creek 1, 385 

Macoupin Creek 985 

Smaller tributaries 6, 232 



27, 914 



CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL. 

Since the compilation of Cooley's report the apparent area of the 
Illinois River drainage basin has been increased by about 6,000 square 
miles. This is the area which, under normal conditions in Illinois, 
would furnish the amount of water which reaches Illinois River 
through the Chicago drainage canal. Thus it is evident that the 
drainage canal is one of the largest tributaries of Illinois River. 

Owing to the fact that the drainage canal furnishes water from Lake 
Michigan, with a considerable amount of added material from the 
Chicago sewage, it exerts an effect on the quality of the water which 
is more than proportional to its drainage area. With this added 
material, the total dissolved mineral matter in the water of the drain- 
age canal was found by Palmer to be about 163 parts per million, 
this value being obtained as the average of a number of analyses 
made on samples collected about every other day for a period of three 
months after the opening of the drainage canal. Although this is 
considerably more than the 133 parts per million usually found in 
Lake Michigan water, it is very much lower than the average for the 
other tributaries of the Illinois which have been examined in this 
work, the average solids in each of these other tributaries being over 
250 parts per million. In connection with the analyses made at 
Peoria, the effect of the drainage canal on the character of the water 
can be more clearly shown. It was proved to the satisfaction of the 
courts that the canal exercised no injurious effect upon the quality 
of Mississippi River water at St. Louis. On the other hand, it was 
shown that the quality of the water in Illinois River is improved 
throughout almost all of its course by the addition of the Lake Michi- 
gan water, even with the Chicago sewage it carried. 

oCooley, L. E., 1889. The Illinois River basin in its relation to sanitary engineering, Illinois State 
Board of Health, 



26 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

DESPLAINES RIVER. 

Drainage. — Illinois River is formed by the union of Desplaines 
and Kankakee rivers. Desplaines River rises in Kenosha County, 
Wis., and flows southward about as far as Chicago, where it turns to 
the southwest, continuing in this direction till it joins the Kankakee. 
The length of the river is about 90 miles. It drains a narrow strip of 
land parallel to Lake Michigan, with an area of 1,392 square miles. 

Municipal supplies. — The cities along the Desplaines River obtain 
their water supply from deep wells, except that Joliet derives part of 
its supply from Hickory Creek. It is not likely that the water from 
Desplaines River can ever be used for municipal supply, except in its 
upper course. 

From a point below Chicago the Desplaines is paralleled by the old 
Illinois and Michigan canal and the new Chicago drainage canal. 
The Illinois-Michigan canal has always carried a large volume of 
Chicago sewage. Power from this canal is used at many places by 
allowing the water to flow from the canal to the river, thus contamina- 
ting the river water. At Lockport the Chicago drainage canal enters 
Desplaines River, and as the flow of the drainage canal is often larger 
than the other flow of the river, the character of the river water at 
Joliet is that of a diluted sewage. 

Quality of water. — In the preparation of this report no samples were 
taken from Desplaines River. From the likeness between the waters 
of Fox and Rock rivers, which drain the same geologic formations as 
those drained by Desplaines River, it is probable that the water of 
the Desplaines is very similar to that found in the Fox and Rock, in 
which calcium and magnesium carbonates are the chief constituents 
of the dissolved mineral matter. The water of the Desplaines should 
be fairly satisfactory for industrial uses where cleanliness is not a 
requisite. There is considerable turbidity throughout the course of 
the river, and after it has received contamination from the Chicago 
sewage it contains a large amount of offensive organic matter which 
would make it of no value for many industrial purposes. 

KANKAKEE RIVER. 

Drainage. — Kankakee River is, next to the drainage canal, the 
largest component of the upper Illinois River. It drains an area of 
3,200 square miles in its 85 miles of length in Indiana. The remainder 
of its 140 miles of length and 5,300 square miles of drainage area are 
in northern Illinois.^ The ordinary low-water discharge is given in 
the Tenth Census as 1,300 cubic feet per second. A large portion of 
the area drained in Indiana and some of the area drained in Illinois 
is swamp land. This has a tendency to make the discharge more uni- 

a Greenleaf, J. L., Water power of the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries: Tenth Census, 1887, 
p. 130. 



ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 27 

form and, as a consequence, to produce greater uniformity in the 
amount and character of the dissolved mineral matter. 

Municipal supplies. — The largest city on the river is Kankakee, 
where filtered river water is used for the municipal supply. The city 
of Wilmington also obtains its supply of water from the river. 
Momence, Bradley, and the smaller cities along the river find a suffi- 
cient amount of water in wells in the limestone or in the glacial drift. 
The manufacturing carried on in the cities along Kankakee River is 
of such a nature that the quality of the river water is not much 
affected by it. Sewage is discharged into the river by the various 
cities, making necessary some sort of purification before the water can 
be considered safe for domestic use. 

Samples. — Through the kindness of Mr. C. H. Cobb, superintendent 
of waterworks at Kankakee, arrangements were made for the daily col- 
lection of samples from Kankakee River. During the first part of the 
period covered by this report samples were obtained by dipping them 
from the river, but after February 19, 1907, samples were taken from 
the pump which draws water from the river for the waterworks. 
These samples from the pump were collected and mailed by Mr. A. L. 
Straley. The analyses of composite samples, together with the aver- 
age for the year, are given in Table 25. 

Quality of water. — In the sectioii of Indiana drained by Kankakee 
River are extensive beds of marl that is very nearly pure calcium 
carbonate. The surface rock in the northern part of Indiana and the 
portion of Illinois drained by the Kankakee is more nearly a pure 
limestone than the magnesian limestone in the areas drained by 
Rock, Fox, and Desplaines rivers. This character of the rock affects 
the composition of the water, as may be seen by comparison of the 
average analyses of Rock and Fox rivers with the average of Kanka- 
kee River. At the four stations on Rock and Fox rivers the average 
percentage of magnesium is 10.1, and the average ratio of magnesium 
to calcium is nearly 0.6. At Kankakee the magnesium is only 7.5 
per cent of the total dissolved solids and is less than 0.4 of the calcium. 
The Kankakee water contains a larger percentage of sulphate than 
most of the Illinois waters. This constituent makes it a less desirable 
water for boiler purposes, as it is more hable to form a hard scale. 

The comparative uniformity in amount of dissolved material in the 
river water is shown by the fact that the average difference between 
the values for total solids and the mean value is only 6.4 per cent of 
the mean value, whereas the average difference for the other rivers of 
the State is 11 per cent of the mean value. Owing probably to the 
storage in swamps and the consequent slow delivery to the river, the 
turbidity and suspended matter at Kankakee are very much less 
than are found in most of the other rivers of the State. This lower 
turbidity makes the water simpler to treat when it is to be purified 
for domestic use. 



28 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



FOX RIVER. 



Drainage. — Fox River rises in Wisconsin, northwest of Milwaukee 
and flows southward and then south westward into Illinois, joining 
Illinois River at Ottawa, 35 miles below the mouth of Kankakee 
River. The region drained by Fox River is almost entirely covered 
with glacial drift containing much magnesian limestone. The total 
area of the drainage basin is about 2,500 square miles, all but a small 
portion of which is in Illinois. Several lakes in Wisconsin, of which 
Geneva and Fox lakes are the largest, discharge into the river. 
They regulate its discharge to a certain extent, but not enough to 
keep it from being highly variable in Illinois. 

Water power. — The Fox 'has less fall in Wisconsin than in Illinois. 
In the last 47 miles of its course there is a fall of 136 feet, and in the 

5 miles above Ottawa, where it enters the Illinois, the average fall is 

6 feet to the mile. There is, therefore, a large amount of water 
power available along the river, much of which is utilized. The 
feeder from a point above Dayton to the Illinois and Michigan canal 
at times takes almost the whole flow of the river, and on this account 
power from the river can not be utilized below this point. Several 
cities are located at power sites along the river, though the water 
power now in use is very little compared with the amount of steam 
power used in the factories of the larger cities. 

Municipal supplies. — Elgin is probably the most widely known of 
the cities on Fox River. Besides the manufacture of watches and 
watch cases, there are here several plants that turn out cooperage, 
foundry, and machine-shop products. A large amount of general 
manufacturing is carried on at Aurora. The leading industry is the 
manufacture and repair of cars and other railroad rolling stock. 

The greater part of the water used in manufacturing along Fox 
River is used in the production of power, largely in steam engines. 
For the production of steam and for condenser use the river water is 
as good as any other supply that can be as easily obtained. It is also 
abundant. The industrial establishments discharge into the river 
very little material which has any noticeable effect on the character 
of the water. 

Part of the city water supply of Elgin is taken from Fox River, the 
rest of it being obtained from deep wells. Analyses by the Illinois 
State Water Survey indicate that the well water is somewhat better 
in quality than the average river water. 

Elgin is about the lowest town on the stream which could use the 
river water as a source of municipal supply. All the cities below 
Elgin discharge sewage into the river, making it difficult to purify the 
water sufficiently for domestic use. Fortunately, throughout the. 
course of the river there is an abundant supply of water in deep rock 
and in the glacial drift. 



ILLINOIS KIVEB DRAINAGE BASIN. 



29 



Samples. — Samples from which analyses were made for this report 
were obtained through the kindness of Mr. K. K. Parkins, chief engi- 
neer of the Elgin waterworks. Samples were collected daily from the 
pump drawing water from the river for the filter plant. Analyses of 
the composite samples of the water from Elgin are given in Table 26. 

At Ottawa, near the junction of Fox and Illinois rivers, samples were 
collected from Fox River daily from August 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907. 
These samples were taken by Mr. M. P. Lannigan, pumper for the 
Rock Island Railroad. The samples were collected from the pump 
at the watering station of the railroad. Analyses of the composite 
samples obtained at Ottawa are given in Table 27. 

Quality of water. — Estimates made from figures by Cooley give the 
average discharge of Fox River at Elgin as 1,100 cubic feet per sec- 
ond. This value makes a discharge at Elgin of 860 tons of dissolved 
mineral matter and 68 tons of suspended matter per twenty-four 
hours. As calculated from Cooley' s figures, the average discharge at 
Ottawa is 1,900 cubic feet per second. This gives a value of 1,720 
tons of dissolved mineral matter and 450 tons of suspended matter 
carried at Ottawa each twenty-four hours. For the sake of compari- 
son, the percentage composition of the average residue from the 
evaporation of filtered river water at Elgin and Ottawa is given in 
Table 5. 

Table 5. — Percentage composition of residue of Fox River water at Elgin and Ottawa. 



Elgin. 



Ottawa. 



Carbonate (CO3) 

Sulphate (SO4) 

Chlorine(Cl) 

Nitrate (NO3) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 

Iron oxide (Fe^Os) 

Silica (Si02) 

Salinity, parts per million 



46.8 

13.5 

1.8 

.9 

18.1 

10.6 

3.9 

.1 

4.3 



100.0 



282 



41.4 

18.7 

2.4 

1.5 

18.4 

9.8 

4.3 

.1 

3.4 



100.0 



326 



The percentage composition shows that the character of the water 
at Elgin and Ottawa is very much the same, the differences being 
such as usually occur in a river passing through an inhabited region 
containing cities of considerable size. The percentages of sulphate, 
chlorine, and sodium are slightly increased and the percentage of 
carbonate is decreased at the lower point. The salinity — that is, 
the amount of mineral matter dissolved in the water — is decidedly 
increased. As may be seen by comparison of Tables 26 and 27, the 
turbidity and suspended matter are very much greater at Ottawa 
than at Elgin. Even with this increase, however. Fox River at 
Ottawa is usually a fairly clear stream. The suspended matter of 



30 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

Fox River water is not difficult to remove, so that filtration of the 
water would not be attended by any special difficulties. The water 
at Ottawa is not so variable in character as that at Elgin. The 
average difference between the mean value for dissolved solids and 
the individual values is 8.2 per cent of the mean value at Elgin; at 
Ottawa it is only 7.3 per cent. The difference between the maximum 
and the minimum values for dissolved soHds at Elgin is 50 per cent 
of the mean value; the difference at Ottawa is 42 per cent. This 
greater uniformity in the character of the water downstream is 
characteristic of most rivers. 

As mentioned above, the drainage basin of Fox River contains a 
large amount of glacial drift made up very largely of magnesium- 
bearing limestones. This characteristic of the soil and subsoil is 
shown in the character of the water. Except Rock River, none of 
the rivers examined has so large a percentage of magnesium as Fox 
River. The proportion of magnesium to calcium is about the same 
for Fox and Rock rivers, but the percentage of sulphate in the Fox 
is larger than in the Rock. This, together with the larger amount of 
dissolved mineral matter, would make the water of Fox River less 
desirable than that of Rock River for many purposes. The differ- 
ence between them, however, is not very great. To soften Fox 
River water and make it perfectly satisfactory for boiler use and 
for use in laundries would require only a small amount of compara- 
tively inexpensive chemicals. 

VERMILION RIVER, o 

Drainage. — Vermilion River rises in the Bloomington morainic 
system, at the reentrant angle in southeastern Livingston and western 
Ford counties,^ and flows in a northwesterly direction till it meets 
the Illinois at Lasalle. The drainage area is about 1,410 square miles. 
The country is fertile and well cultivated. The slope of the river is 
very moderate and the flow is exceedingly irregular. It is said that 
at times there is less flow at the mouth than at Pontiac, 20 miles up 
the river. 

Municipal supplies. — Pontiac and Streator both obtain their 
municipal supplies from the river. In each place the water is treated 
with coagulant and filtered. At times of low water the whole flow of 
the river is utilized at Streator. 

Samples. — For this report samples were collected through the 
kindness of Mr. R. D. Huggans, superintendent of the Streator Aque- 
duct Company. During the first part of the period samples were 
taken directly from the intake pump. Later a screen was put in over 
the mouth of the intake pipe for the sake of lessening the turbidity of 

oNot to be confused with the Vermilion River that empties into Wabash River. 
b Leverett, Frank, The Illinois glacial lobe; Mon. U. S. Gepl. Survey, vol, 38, 1889, 



ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 31 

the water as delivered to the filters, and after this daily samples were 
dipped up directly from the river. The analyses made of the com- 
posite samples from Streator are given in Table 28. 

Quality of water. — The quality of the water at Streator varies more 
than the water of average streams in Illinois. The amount of dis- 
solved mineral matter is also higher than in most of the rivers. Like 
that of the other rivers in the northern part of the State, the water 
contains a large amount of magnesium. The value for the sulphate 
is also higher at Streator than at any of the other stations in the 
northern part of the State. The water of Vermilion River is not so 
satisfactory for domestic or industrial use as that of many other 
streams in Illinois. 

SANGAMON RIVER. 

Drainage. — Sangamon River rises in the Bloomington morainic 
system in eastern McLean County. It drains an area of .5,670 square 
miles, which is mainly rolling prairie. In the first 10 miles the river 
has a fall of 120 feet and in the remaining 170 miles of its length a fall 
of 300 feet. This fall is unevenly distributed, the river having many 
stretches of almost still water and other stretches of rapid flow. On 
account of the variability of the flow and the fact that through most 
of the course of the river its bed is in gravel and sand, there is almost 
no water power developed. 

Municipal supplies. — Springfield is the largest city on Sangamon 
River. The population of Decatur, the next in size, is only two- 
thirds that of Springfield, but the value of articles manufactured at 
Decatur in 1904 was over a third greater than the value of those 
manufactured at Springfield. None of the leading industries in 
either city is largely dependent on water for any purpose except the 
generation of power. The effect on the river of wastes from the 
factories is negligible as compared with the effect of the sewage from 
all the cities along the river. The municipal water supplies of Decatur 
and Springfield are obtained from the river. At Decatur the water 
is impounded by a dam, treated with a coagulant, and filtered. At 
Springfield part of the supply is pumped directly from the river and 
the remainder is obtained from filter galleries near the river. 

The turbidity of Sangamon River is usually somewhat high at all 
points. This turbidity is not difficult to remove, and at Decatur the 
water is treated and furnishes a very satisfactory supply. At Spring- 
field, where it has been used without treatment, it is not very inviting 
to drink nor cleansing when used for washing. Like most Illinois 
river waters, that of the Sangamon contains enough salts of calcium 
and magnesium to form a considerable amount of scale when used in 
boilers and to make it unsatisfactory for laundry purposes. It is not 
likely, however^ to form much hard scale in boilers if they are prop- 



32 



QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



erly cared for, and the expense of treating it so as to make it suitable 
for laundry purposes is not very great. 

Samples. — For the preparation of this report samples of water 
were collected at Decatur, Springfield, and Chandler ville. The 
collections at Decatur were made by Mr. Fred Litterer, chief engineer 
of the city waterworks; those at Springfield by Mr. Gus Obert, 
chief engineer of the city waterworks; and those at Chandlerville 
from the river at the crossing of the highway bridge, northeast of 
town, by Messrs. J. W. Martin and John Madden and Miss Bessie 
Long. The bottles were filled by dipping the water from the stream 
and pouring into the bottles, until April 20, 1907, after which time 
the bottles were let down with a sinker and filled under the surface. 
Many collections were omitted at both Springfield and Chandlerville. 
It was difficult to determine the reasons for the omissions at Spring- 
field. The omissions at Chandlerville were due in part to high 
water, which at one time covered the bridge from which samples 
were usually collected. Other omissions were due to illness of one 
of the collectors. 

Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from Decatur, 
Springfield, and Chandlerville are given in Tables 29, 30, and 31, 
together with averages for the year. The percentage composition 
of the dry residue from river water at these three points is given 
in Table 6. 

Table 6.— Percentage composition of dry residue from Sangamon River water. 



Decatur. 



Spring- 
field. 



Chand- 
lerville. 



Carbonate (CO3) 

Sulphate (SO^) 

Chlorine (01) 

Nitrate (NO3) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 

Iron oxide (Fe203) 

Silica (Si02) 

Salinity, parts per million 



44.7 

11.9 

1.8 

2.9 

18.7 

8.8 

4.7 

.1 

6.4 



295 



43.7 

13.3 

2.7 

1.2 

18.7 

8.6 

5.8 

.2 

5.8 



278 



44.4 

12.7 

2.7 

2.2 

18.4 

8.8 

5.3 

.2 

5.3 



282 



This shows that the water for the year is much the same throughout 
the length of the river. The dissolved mineral matter in Sangamon 
River is not very different in character from that in the other tribu- 
taries of the Illinois. The Sangamon water resembles the water of 
the northern tributaries more than that of the Kankakee. Owing in 
part to the fact that the Sangamon receives a number of large tribu- 
taries along its course, there is no particular relation between the 
samples at the different points of collection. The analyses at 
Decatur are probably of more value than those from Springfield and 
Chandlerville. 



ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 



33 



ILLINOIS RIVER. 



Samples. — On Illinois River itself daily collections of water were 
made at Lasalle, Peoria, and Kampsville. At Lasalle collections 
were made by Mr. James Brotherton at the Illinois Central pump- 
ing station. This pumping station is south of the city, at the point 
where the Illinois Central Railroad crosses the river, and is above 
the point of discharge of the Lasalle sewage. It is probable that at 
this locality the water of various tributaries is well mixed. The 
stream at Lasalle is made up of water from Desplaines, Kankakee, 
Fox, Vermilion, and Little Vermilion rivers, together with the 
flow from the Chicago drainage canal. 

From Lasalle to Peoria no tributaries of any considerable size 
enter the river. In consequence, the quality of the water at Peoria 
is not very different from that at Lasalle. At Peoria samples were 
collected from the bridge across the river near the Peoria water- 
works by Mr. Alfred Barton in bottles let down with a sinker and 
filled under the surface. 

Between Peoria and Kampsville a number of tributaries enter 
the river. The largest of these is the Sangamon, the average dis- 
charge of which is about one-fifth of the discharge of the Illinois 
at Kampsville. The other tributaries entering between Peoria and 
Kampsville are Mackinaw River, Spoon River, and Crooked Creek. 
Collections at Kampsville were made by Mr. Ira Davidson, samples 
being obtained by dipping the water from the surface of the river 
midway across the stream. This method of collecting is subject 
to errors which have been previously discussed. 

Quality of water. — The analyses of composite samples made from 
the daily samples at Lasalle, Peoria, and Kampsville are given in 
Tables 32, 33, and 34, together with average values for the year. 
The percentage composition of the dry residue from the filtered 
water at each of these stations is given in Table 7. 

Table 7. — Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Illinois River water. 



Carbonate (CO3) 

Sulphate (SO4) 

Chlorine (01) 

Nitrate (NO3) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Sodium and potassium (Na+K). 

Iron oxide (re203) 

Silica (Si02) 



Lasalle. 



Salinity, parts per million . 



37.0 

18.6 

4.8 

2.4 

18.6 

8.1 

5.9 

.1 

4.5 



100.0 



270 



Peoria. 



36.7 

18.1 

4.9 

2.9 

18.5 

7.9 

6.4 

.1 

4.5 



100.0 



265 



Kamps- 
ville. 



38.5 

16.3 

5.8 

1.7 

18.2 

7.8 

7.0 

.1 

4.6 



100.0 



258 



28987— IRR 239—10- 



34 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS. 

When these results are all taken together, it is evident, as would 
be expected, that the water at Lasalle and Peoria is almost the same; 
though the suspended matter is less at Peoria, probably owing to 
the facts that the river at Peoria has a very sluggish flow and that 
at the middle of Peoria Lake where the samples were collected 
opportunity had been afforded for the settling of the suspended 
matter. 

Illinois River water is not so high in carbonates as other waters of 
the State, and is higher in sulphates. It also has a larger percentage 
of chlorine than the average waters in the State. This increase in 
sulphates and chlorine is probably due largely to the effect of Chi- 
cago sewage, as the tributaries above Lasalle have much lower per- 
centages of chlorine. The variation in quality of the water is much 
less in the upper Illinois than in other streams in the State. At 
Kampsville the average variation in dissolved solids is 10 per cent 
of the mean value, and the range from maximum to minimum is 65 
per cent of the mean value. As before stated, this is probably due 
in part to the method of collecting the samples. As the samples are 
taken just above the dam, it is possible that a high rainfall with 
quick run-off in the immediate vicinity of the point of collection 
would cause a dilution of the upper layer of water which would be 
much greater than the dilution of the whole flow of the stream. 
The widest difference from the average value of the dissolved solids 
is in one sample where the value was very low at a time of high 
turbidity. 

Discharge. — The discharge of Illinois River at Lasalle has been 
measured at various times and gage readings have been taken by 
different branches of the government service. During the period 
covered by this report gage heights have been read by the Weather 
Bureau. From these readings and from the rating table prepared 
from a few discharge measurements made by the United States Geo- 
logical Survey in 1903, discharge measurements have been calcu- 
lated for each of the days when collections w^ere made. Owing to 
the fact that the relation between the Weather Bureau gage and the 
United States Geological Survey gage had to be determined b}^ ref- 
erence to Chicago datum and Memphis datum, with various correc- 
tions to be applied, the discharge measurements are probably not as 
accurate as those at Peoria, where the United States Geological Sur- 
vey was maintaining a gage during the course of the analytical work. 

The discharge measurements computed from measurements at 
Lasalle, together with the dissolved solids for each ten-day period, 
are given in Table 8, which shows also the amount of dissolved mate- 
rial carried by the river each twenty-four hours. The average vari- 
ation in the discharge at Lasalle is 30 per cent of the mean value for 
the discharge. The average variation in the solids is 6.9 per cent of 



ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 



35 



the average value. The average variation in the dissolved material 
carried by the river is 33 per cent of the mean value. 

Table 8. — Discharge of and dissolved solids in Illinois River at Lasalle. 



Date. 



1906. 

August 1-August 10 

August 11-August 20 

August 2U-August 30 

August 31-Septeinber 9 

September 10-September 19 . — 

September 20-September 29 

September 30-October 7 

October 10-October 19 

October 20-October 28 

October 30-November 8 

November 9-November 19 

November 20-November 30 

Decem.ber 1-December 10 

December 11-December 20 

December 21-December 31 

. 1907. 

January 1- January 10 

January 11-January 20 

February 1-February 9 

February 10-February 18 

February 19-February 28 

March. 1-March 10 

March 11-March 20 

March 21-March 28 

April 2- April 10 

April 11- April 20 

April 21- April 30 

May 1-May 10 

May 11-May 20 

May 21-May 31 

June 1-June 10 

June 11-June 20 

June 21- June 30 

Julyl-July 10 

July 11-July 20 

July 23-July 31 

Average 



Discharge 
(second- 
feet). 



7,100 
7,160 
7,580 
7,560 
7,150 
7,190 
7,860 
7,350 
7,410 
7,400 
7,360 
9,950 
11,900 
13, 430 
12,580 



15,970 
21,500 
25,280 
20, 140 
18, 370 
12,970 
14,960 
14,860 
19,360 
14, 900 
11,640 
14,990 
12,650 
14, 730 
15,390 
14, 350 
12,210 
11,160 
19,650 
14,550 



12, 820 



Dissolved solids. 



Parts per 
million. 



265 
262 
252 
235 
221 
241 
284 
260 
268 
275 
276 
300 
320 
284 
311 



296 
298 
289 
311 
273 
274 
257 
272 
299 
344 
266 
272 
300 
279 
307 
276 
276 
256 
255 
288 



278 



Tons per 
day. 



5,070 
5,060 
5,150 
4,790 
4,260 
4,670 
6,020 
5,160 
5,350 
5,480 
5,470 
8,060 
10,280 
10, 290 
10,560 



12, 740 
17, 280 
19, 700 
16, 880 
13,520 

9,590 
10, 380 
10,910 
15, 610 
13, 820 

8,360 
10, 990 
10, 250 
11,080 
12,740 
10, 680 

9,100 

7,700 
13,500 
11,400 



9,770 



The discharge of the river at Peoria has been carefully measured 
for a long series of years. During the period covered by this report 
daily gage readings were made by an observer of the United States 
Geological Survey. A rating table for the river at Peoria has been 
prepared to cover this period. From this rating table and the gage 
measurements the discharge of the river at Peoria has been calcu- 
lated for each day when samples were collected. These have been 
averaged into ten-day periods corresponding to the composite sam- 
ples. From the average discharge in second-feet and the value in 
parts per million of the dissolved solids, as determined by evapora- 
tion of the filtered water, the amount of dissolved material carried 
past the gaging station at Peoria by the water of Illinois River each 
twenty-four hours has been calculated. The figures are given in 
Table 9, together with the average values. The average variation 
in discharge at Peoria was 35 per cent of the mean value of the dis- 



36 



QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



charge. The average variation of the dissolved soHds was 6.3 per 
cent of the mean value. The average variation in the amount of 
material carried by the river was 36 per cent of the mean value. 

Table 9 .-—Discharge of and dissolved solids in Illinois Biver at Peoria. 



Date. 



1906. 

August 1-August 9 

August 31-September 9 

September 10-September 19 

September 20-September 29 

September 30-October 9 

October 10-October 19 

October 20-October 29 

October 30-November 8 

November 9-November 19 

November 20-November 30 

December 1-December 10 

December 1 1-December 20 

December 21-December 31 

1907. 

January 1- January 10 

January 11- January 20 

January 21-January 31 

February 1-February 9 

February 10-Februa"ry 18 

February 19-February 28 

March 1-March 10 

March 11-March 20 

March 21-March 31 

April 1-April 10 

April 11-April 20 

April 21-April 30 

May 1-May 10 

May 11-Mav 20 

May 21-May 30 

June 1-June 10 

June 11-June 20 

June 21-June 30 

July 1-July 10 

July 11-July 20 

July 21-July 31 

Average 





Dissolved solids. 


Discharge 
(second- 










feet). 


Parts per 


Tons per 




million. 


24 hours. 


6,820 


266 


4.880 


8,180 


245 


5,390 


7,470 


260 


5,220 


7,110 


222 


4,260 


8,300 


249 


5,580 


7,990 


279 


6, 000 


7,680 


233 


4,780 


7,770 


264 


5,510 


7,720 


250 


5,200 


9.420 


259 


6,580 


12,160 


310 


10, 180 


15. 270 


293 


12, 060 


14,210 


294 


11,280 


15, 760 


310 


13,150 


23, 120 


309 


19, 260 


44,620 


223 


26, 800 


33,130 


242 


21,600 


23,050 


275 


17,070 


20,110 


275 


14, 900 


18, 140 


279 


14, 130 


18,000 


275 


13, 800 


20,270 


272 


14, 830 


24, 570 


272 


17,250 


21,510 


304 


17, 650 


17,210 


271 


12, 580 


17,700 


276 


12, 900 


21 , 510 


289 


16,750 


17,210 


283 


13, 100 


20, 430 


277 


15, 250 


19,950 


290 


15, 600 


17,890 


272 


13,100 


15, 460 


270 


11,250 


22, 530 


257 


15, 620 


22.480 


257 


15, 560 


16, 900 


271 


12, .330 



Variation in quality. — In the flow of an ordinary river it is usual 
to expect the lowest value for the dissolved solids, the highest value 
for the suspended solids, and the highest value for the discharge to 
come at about the same time. In times of low water the river is 
fed largely by springs or by water which reaches the river through 
infiltration from the sides and through the bed. This ground water 
is naturally clear, and by reason of its passage through the ground 
has dissolved a considerable amount of mineral matter. In times of 
storm a large proportion of the water which falls drains immediately 
into the river. As it runs quickly over the surface of the ground it 
picks up loose material, so that upon entering the stream it carries 
a large load of suspended matter, while it has had time to dissolve 
very little. This makes the water of the stream high in turbidity 
and low in dissolved solids. On this account one would expect that 
the amount of dissolved material carried by a given point in a river 



ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 37 

would be much less variable than the discharge of the river. If, in 
time of flood, the discharge of the river is five times the low-water 
discharge, the amount of dissolved material carried by the river will 
rarely be ^ve times as great. On the other hand, the volume of 
four times the low- water flow which has been added to the low- water 
flow is not pure water. Therefore the amount of dissolved material 
carried by the river will be very much greater than the amount 
carried in low water. Rock River at Rockford (see p. 23) is an illus- 
tration of a normal river. 

Illinois River at Lasalle and Peoria shows very decidedly the effect 
of the Chicago drainage canal in maintaining the uniformity of 
quality of water. Although the values for the average variation in 
discharge at these two points are 30 and 35 per cent, respectively, 
the variations in amount of material carried are 33 and 36 per 
cent. This indicates that the water of Illinois River in time of 
flood has a tendency to carry more dissolved material than at times 
of low flow. This results from the fact that nearly one-half of the 
low-water flow of Illinois River at Lasalle and Peoria is furnished 
by the Chicago drainage canal, which contains on the average about 
160 parts per million of dissolved solids. This, combined with 
an equal volume of low-water flow from Desplaines, Fox, Kankakee, 
and Vermilion rivers, gives a resulting water which is still low in dis- 
solved solids, although the other tributaries carry probably over 300 
parts per million. The average amounts of dissolved solids carried 
by three of these rivers are as follows: Fox, 335 parts per million; 
Kankakee, 288 parts; Vermilion, 325 parts. It is probable that the 
natural water of the Desplaines carries about the same amount of 
dissolved solids as the other tributaries. Even the high-water flow 
of these tributaries carries much more dissolved solids than the 
Chicago drainage canal. Thus it comes about that in many cases 
a rise in the river is accompanied by an increase in the proportion 
of dissolved solids, which makes the amount of material carried past 
a given point increase faster than the discharge. 

These results at Peoria and Lasalle show one benefit of the Chicago 
drainage canal, which has possibly been overlooked in considering 
the many changes which have resulted from its opening. One of the 
objections to the use of river water for industrial purposes or for a 
municipal supply, where it is necessary to treat the water, is that the 
variation in character of the water from day to day and from season 
to season is so great that any treatment of the water based on the 
results of only a few examinations is liable to be Uxisatisfactory for a 
great part of the time. Any change in quality of the water will 
require a change in treatment, and some river waters are so variable 
in quality that it would be useless to attempt to treat them without 
expert chemical supervision; it would be necessary to test the water 



38 QUALITY OF SXJEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

each day and apply the chemicals in amounts determined by these 
tests. For a uniform water, such as a deep- well water or many 
ground waters, a single analysis suffices to determine the kind of 
treatment and the amount of each chemical necessary to add, thus 
making it possible to handle a water-purification plant with much 
less expense for supervision. A river water as constant in character 
as the Illinois at Peoria and Lasalle, however, might be given an 
average treatment — that is, a treatment based on the results of an 
average analysis, such as are given in this report. This treatment 
would probably be better than a varying treatment determined from 
day to day by a person not very skilled in chemical manipulation. 

Municipal supplies. — Illinois River water is not used for municipal 
supply, but a very large amount of it is used by various manufac- 
turing establishments along the river. Practically all the cities on 
the river are able to obtain a supply of underground water which has 
almost the same mineral content as the river water and at the same 
time is free from pollution. It is doubtful if the time will ever come 
when Illinois River water will be looked upon with favor as a source 
of municipal supply. The large amount of sewage in the Chicago drain- 
age canal would make people hesitate to undertake the purification 
of the water. As was shown in the investigations in connection with 
the lawsuit over the drainage canal," a large amount of organic matter 
enters the river at Lasalle, Peoria, and Pekin — more, at the time of 
Palmer's investigations, than that entering through the Chicago 
drainage canal. It is possible that in the lower part of the river 
the water might be used safely for municipal supply, provided it were 
properly purified. 

KASKASKIA RIVER. 

Drainage. — Kaskaskia River rises in the Champaign morainic 
system, immediately west of Champaign, gradually descends from 
an elevation of 730 feet to 542 feet; and enters the Mississippi above 
Chester in Randolph County. About 590 square miles of compara- 
tively level area are drained by the river in its length of 180 miles.'' 

Because of its variations in flow Kaskaskia River has never been 
used to any great extent as a source of power. At Carlyle, during 
the year covered by this report, there was a rise of 23 feet in the river. 
In the summer time it often runs nearly dry in some parts of its 
course. A careful survey has been made by the Illinois State Geo- 
logical Survey, with the object of determining a method of treatment 
of the Kaskaskia River bottoms so as to reclaim a large amount of 
land which is now flooded so frequently as to render it practically 
useless for agricultural purposes. If this land is reclaimed, the dis- 
charge of the river will be more variable than at present. 

a Palmer, A. W., Chemical survey of the waters of Illinois, University of Illinois, 1902. 
iLeverett, Frank, The Illinois glacial lobe: Mon. U. S. Geol. Siirvey, vol. 38, 1889. 



KASKASKIA KIVEE. 



39 



Municipal supplies. — Vandalia and Carlyle are supplied with water 
from Kaskaskia River. Shelbyville formerly obtained its supply 
from the river, but now takes water from wells in the gravel near the 
river. This water, intercepted on its way to the river, has much the 
same character as that of the river and is free from turbidity. In 
the river water at Shelbyville the turbidity averaged over 100 parts 
per million during the year covered by this report. 

Samples. — Daily samples were collected from the river at Shelby- 
ville by Mr. I^aac Nutt, engineer of the Shelbyville Water Company, 
by dipping water from the river at a point directly opposite the water- 
works. An old dam, partly destroyed, crosses the river at this point, 
and the water was dipped from a broken place in this dam, through 
which the stream flows rapidly. Through the kindness of Mr. 
Chester, superintendent of the water company, a gage was erected 
on the river near the waterworks and daily readings taken from it. 

At Carlyle, about 70 miles down the river from Shelbyville, samples 
were collected from the pump at the waterworks, the intake pipe of 
which extends about 400 feet upstream. Mr. George Schilling, 
superintendent of waterworks, collected the samples. A gage was 
fastened to a tree near the bank of the river and readings of the 
height of the water were made daily after November 3, 1906. 

Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from Shelby- 
ville and Carlyle are given in Tables 35 and 36. The percentage 
composition of filtered water at Shelbyville and Carlyle is given in 
Table 10. 

Table 10. — Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Kaskaskia River water. 



Carlyle. 




Carbonate (CO3) 

Sulphate (SO4) 

Clilorine(Cl) 

Nitrate (NO3) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 

Iron oxide (Fe203) 

Silica(Si02) 

Salinity, parts per million 



Kaskaskia River water is a typical Illinois water. There is no very 
great difference in the character between the samples at the two sta- 
tions, the range in dissolved solids being about the same at each. 
The average variation, however, is greater at Carlyle, being 11 per 
cent of the mean value, while at Shelbyville it is only 7.8 per cent. 
The water is more suitable for boiler use than for laundries. It forms 
very little or no hard scale in boilers when they are cleaned often 
enough. Treatment with lime alone in the proper quantities would 
very much improve the quality of the water for laundry work. 



40 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

MUDDY RIVEK. 

Drainage. — Muddy River drains an area of nearly 2,400 square miles 
in the low district north of the Ozark uplift. The lower 20 miles of 
the course of the river is in the Mississippi River bottoms. The drain- 
age basin is decidedly level, and there is only a slight fall in the river 
from its source to the mouth. The flow is very unsteady, the range 
in height at Murphysboro during the year covered by this report being 
31 feet. 

Samples. — Daily samples of water were collected from the intake 
at the waterworks at Murphysboro by Mr. H. C. Stagner, chief engi- 
neer. A gage was placed on the river in November, 1906, and read- 
ings were taken at the time of the collection of the samples. 

Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from the 
Muddy are given in Table 37, together with averages for the year and 
gage readings. The percentage composition of the dry residue is 
given in Table 17 (p. 53). 

The water of Muddy River is the most variable in character of all 
those examined for this report. This may be due, in some measure, 
to the different characteristics of the tributaries, but it is probably 
due more to contamination by mine drainage, the variations being 
very much the same as those noted by M. O. Leighton,"^ of the United 
States Geological Survey, in his careful study of the influence of mine 
drainage on Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. From the low 
value of the bicarbonate occurring at certain times with very high 
values for the sulphates, it is probable that at times the water from 
the Muddy is actually acid. If the water were acid for one or two 
days out of the ten on which the daily samples were collected to make 
a given composite, the composite sample might easily be slightly 
alkaline. 

Like the other streams in the southern part of the State, Muddy 
River carries a large amount of very fine suspended matter. Much 
of this material, which seems to be really suspended matter and not 
color, can not be held by any ordinary method of filtration, but by 
the use of a coagulant the water may be rendered perfectly clear and 
almost colorless. This finely divided suspended matter accounts, in 
part, for the fact that the values for silica in Muddy River are very 
high. In nearly every sample where the silica was high there was 
left after treatment with hydrofluoric acid a residue, amounting to 1 
to 5 parts per million, which was insoluble in hydrochloric acid and 
not volatilized by hydrofluoric acid. Several of these residues were 
analyzed by fusing them with acid sodium sulphate and making a 
complete analysis of the fused mass. The precipitate with ammonia, 
that is, the iron and aluminum, on ignition weighed in every case 

a Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey 
No. 108, 1904. 



MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 41 

almost exactly the same as the original silica residue. The iron in 
this insoluble residue was usually a very 3mall proportion of the whole. 
This would indicate that the finely divided matter is an aluminum 
silicate. 

In analyzing similar waters at the Washington laboratory, alumina 
cream was used for clarifying the samples and removed the suspended 
matter without affecting the silica dissolved in the water. A number 
of experiments were made to compare the effect of the treatment 
using alumina cream with that of the Berkefeld filter, and the filtrates 
from the two treatments were found to give the same results on analy- 
sis. It was found necessary in these experiments to use alumina 
cream in clarifying the sample on which the determination of bicar- 
bonates was made. If this method of analysis had been adopted on 
all rivers of southern Illinois, the results would have been more 
uniform and would have represented more accurately the material 
dissolved in the water. They would also have shown the kind of 
water that would have been obtained by the use of a mechanical 
filtration plant. 

Municipal supplies. — In the section of Illinois drained by Muddy 
River there is no large supply of satisfactory underground water. 
According to analyses ^ by the Illinois State Water Survey, water 
from the municipal supply at Carbondale, which is obtained from 
deep wells, contained at different times from 1,200 to 2,400 parts per 
million of dissolved matter, about three-fourths of which was common 
salt. ' In addition, there are enough salts of magnesium and calcium 
to make the water about as hard as that of the Muddy. This, of 
course, makes it undesirable for domestic use. With such water in 
the wells the only chance for a sufficient municipal supply lies in the 
use of a river water, even though its quality is much inferior to that 
of most of the rivers of northern Illinois, where well waters are used 
almost exclusively. 

Water such as that of Muddy River can be purified only by careful 
treatment with some coagulant and proper filtration. For much of 
the year water from the Muddy can be clarified only by the use of 
aluminum sulphate with lime, but the amount of lime required will 
vary greatly from day to day. In softening the water for use in 
steam boilers or in laundries, the proper amounts of chemicals to be 
added can be determined only by tests on each lot of water treated. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Municipal supplies. — ^Mississippi River forms the western boundary 
for the whole State of Illinois. The cities of MoHne, Rock Island, 
Quincy, Alton, East St. Louis, and Cairo, located on the river, are 
important manufacturing centers. The first ^ve of these and two 

o Bartow, Edward, Municipal water supplies of Illinois: Bull. Univ. Illinois, October 21, 1907. 



42 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



smaller cities obtain water from the river for municipal supply. In 
this way about 125,000 persons use the river water. On the opposite 
bank in Iowa and Missouri are more cities that use the river water 
and serve many more consumers. The magnitude of the whole river 
as compared with the stretch flowing past Illinois makes it necessary 
in this report to discuss merely the quality of the water in the part 
of the river bounding the State. The river as a whole is discussed 
in a paper by R. B. Dole.*^ 

At the cities where the river furnishes the supply of water for 
domestic use some method of purification is used. Much of the sus- 
pended matter is removed by sedimentation in storage basins, and 
commonly a coagulant is used with filtration. 

Samples. — Daily samples were collected at Quincy and Chester for 
a year, beginning August 1, 1905, and at Moline for half a year, 
beginning February 1, 1907. Collections were made by the superin- 
tendents of the waterworks, Mr. Magnus Olsen, at Moline, and 
Mr. F. J. Brinkoetter, at Quincy. In both these places samples were 
collected from the pum^p taking water from the river for the filter 
beds. At the southern Illinois penitentiary, at Chester, Mississippi 
River water is pumped from the river to a small reservoir and 
thence distributed through the grounds. Through the kindness of 
the warden, Mr. James B. Smith, samples were collected each day 
from the intake pump. 

Quality of water. — Analyses of composite samples, made up of ten 
daily samples for each of these stations, are given in Tables 38, 39, 
and 40. As would be expected, the suspended matter and dissolved 
matter both increase in amount as one goes down the river. The 
percentage composition of dry residue from the filtered water is given 
in Table 11. 

Table 11- — Percentage composition of dry residue of filtered Mississippi River luater. 



Carbonate (CO3) 

Sulphate (SO4) : 

Chlorine (Cl) 

Nitrate (N O3) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Sodium and potassium (Na+K). 

Silica (Si02) 

Iron oxide (Fe203) 



Salinity, parts per million. 



February 1 to July 31, 1907. 



Moline. Quincy. Chester 



5.7 

9.0 

.3 



100.0 



177 



42.9 

12.9 

1.9 

1.2 

19.1 

7.7 

5.2 

8.8 

.3 



100.0 



194 



32.1 

22.7 

3.3 

1.4 

17.6 

6.3 

7.8 

8.6 

.2 



100.0 



256 



August 1, 1906, to 
July 31, 1907. 



Quincy. 



43.2 

12.6 

2.2 

1.1 

18.1 

8.0 

5.5 

9.0 

.3 



100.0 



199 



Chester. 



33.2 

21.8 

3.8 

1.0 

17.1 

6.2 

8.2 

8.5 

.2 



100.0 



258 



a The quality of surface waters in Mississippi River basin: Proc. Illinois Water-Supply Assoc, 1910. 



MISSISSIPPI KIVER. 43 

As the samples at Moline were collected during six rnonths only, 
the average at Quincy and Chester has been calculated for this 
period, and the percentage composition is given for the six months 
as well as for the whole year. 

The percentage composition does not change much between Moline 
and Quincy. The only tributaries of any considerable size entering 
the river between these points are Des Moines and Rock rivers. The 
water of Des Moines River does not differ very much in quality from 
that of the Mississippi at Moline, though it contains a somewhat larger 
amount of dissolved solids and a somewhat smaller proportion of 
magnesium. Rock River carries about the same amount of dis- 
solved solids as Des Moines River, but the proportion of magnesium 
is very much higher than in either the Des Moines or the Mississippi 
at Moline. 

Between Quincy and Chester the main tributaries are Illinois and 
Missouri rivers. Illinois River water is not very different from that 
of the Mississippi at Quincy, though it probably contains a smaller 
amount of dissolved material, a larger amount of chlorine, and a 
somewhat higher percentage of magnesium. But the water of Mis- 
souri River is very different from that of Mississippi River at Quincy 
or that of Illinois River at its mouth. Missouri River carries a very 
much larger amount of dissolved material which contains a much 
higher percentage of sulphate and a correspondingly lower percentage 
of carbonate. It has a somewhat higher proportion of chlorine. 
The sodium is decidedly higher, while the magnesium is lower and the 
calcium slightly lower than at Quincy. As the flow of the river at 
Chester is on the average about one-half Missouri River water and 
the other half upper Mississippi and Illinois River water, these char- 
acteristics of Missouri River water make themselves felt in the char- 
acter of the Mississippi water at Chester. 

Variations at Quincy. — Discharges of Mississippi River at Quincy 
have been calculated by using Weather Bureau gage readings at 
Hannibal, Mo., together with a rating table prepared by Herman 
Stabler from various discharge measurements by the U. S. Engineer 
Corps and the United States Geological Survey. In Table 12 are 
given the discharges at Hannibal, the dissolved solids at Quincy, and 
the discharge of dissolved material in tons per twenty-four hours 
calculated from these figures. The average variation in discharge 
was 32 per cent of the mean value; the average variation in dissolved 
solids was 8.6 per cent of the mean value, and the average variation 
in amount of dissolved solids per day was 30 per cent of the mean 
value. The fact that the amount of solids per day does not vary as 
much as the discharge is due to the fact that in times of high dis- 
charge the proportion of dissolved solids is usually lower than in 
times of low discharge. 



44 



QUALITY OF SUEPACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 
Table 12. — Dissolved solids in Mississippi River at Quincy. 



Date. 



1906 

August 1-August 10 

August 11-August 20 

August 21-August 30 

August 31-September 9 

September 10-September 18 

Sep tember 20-September 2d 

September 30-October 9 

October 10-October 18 

October 20-October 31 

November 1 -November 8 

November 9-November 19 

November 20-November 30 

December 1-December 10 

December 1 1-December 20 

December 21-December 25 

1907 

January 2-January 10 

January 11-January 20 

January 21-January 31 

February 2-February 9 

February 10-F^bruary 18 

February 19-February 28 

March 1-March 10 

March 12-March 19 

March 21-March 31 

April 1-April 10 

April 11-April 20 

April 21- April 30 

May 1-May 10 

May 11-Mav 20 

May 21-May 31 

June 1-June 10 

June 11-June 20 

June 21-June 30 

July 1-JulvlO 

July ll-Ju'ly 20 

July 21-July 31 

Average 



Discharge 
(second- 
feet) a 



54, 000 
65,000 
58, 000 
56, 000 
59,000 
59,000 
60, 000 
52, 000 
43, 000 
47, 000 
58,000 
59, 000 
67,000 
51,000 
28,000 



58,000 

62, 000 

100, 000 

40, 000 

48, 000 

59. 000 

65, 000 

73, 000 

78,000 

108,000 

158,000 

141,000 

97,000 

80,000 

86, 000 

82,000 

117,000 

97, 000 

88, 000 

143,000 

160, 000 



Dissolved solids. 



Parts per 
million. 



77, 000 



224 
192 
197 
213 
187 
196 
200 
213 
220 
223 
185 
196 
217 
190 
244 



210 
237 
203 
218 
239 
207 
188 
192 
193 
180 
144 
170 
176 
213 
176 
188 
200 
218 
227 
211 
239 



204 



Tons per 
24 hours. 



37, 600 
38, 600 
30, 800 
32, 200 
29, 800 
31,200 
32, 400 
29, 900 
25, 500 
28,300 
28,900 
31,200 
39,200 
26, 200 
18, 400 



32, 800 
39, 600 
54, 800 
23,500 
30, 900 
33,000 
33, 000 
37,800 
40, 600 
52, 400 
61,300 
64. 600 
46, 000 
45, 800 
40, 800 
41,600 
63, 100 
57, 000 
53, 800 
81,400 
103,200 



41, 600 



a At Hannibal, Mo. 

In studying the analyses at Quincy and Moline, together with 
analyses made in the Iowa City laboratory of the Survey "' on samples 
of water from Minnesota Eiver at Shakopee and Des Moines River 
at Keosauqua, it is seen that there is an increase in dissolved solids 
at Quincy and Moline in the latter part of June and July, at a time 
of high flow. Minnesota River has a drainage area of about 16,000 
square miles, between one-fifth and one-sixth the drainage area of 
Mississippi River at Moline. The rise in the Mississippi at Moline 
and Quincy in June and July, 1907, was to a considerable extent due 
to high water from the Minnesota. As the average value for dis- 
solved solids of the Minnesota during this period was over 400 parts 
per million, this fact would account for the increase in these solids 
at Moline and Quincy concord antly with the increase in the discharge. 



aDole, E,. B., Quality of surface water of the United States, pt. 1: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. 
Survey No. 236, 1909. 



MISSISSIPPI KIVER. 



45 



Variations at Chester. — Discharges of Mississippi River at Chester 
have been assumed to be equal to the discharge at St. Louis. It is 
probable that the discharge at Chester is from 1 to 3 per cent higher 
than at St. Louis, but no rating table was easily obtainable for the 
river at Chester, whereas a fairly satisfactory rating table was ob- 
tained for St. Louis. From the Weather Bureau gage readings and 
a rating table which was prepared by Stabler, discharge measure- 
ments were calculated for the river at. St. Louis for each ten-day 
period covered by the analyses. In Table 13 these figures are given, 
together with the dissolved solids in parts per million and the amount 
of dissolved solids carried by the river at Chester. 

Table 13. — Dissolved solids in Mississippi River at Chester. 



Date. 



1906. 

August 1-August 10 

August 11-August 20 

August 21-August 30 

August 31-September 9 

September lO-September 19 

September 20-September 29 

September 30-October 9 

October 10-October 19 

October 22-October 31 

November 1-November 7 

November 15-November 19 

November 20-November 30 

December 1-December 10 

December 1 1-December 20 

December 22-December 31 

1907. 

January 1-January 10 

January 11-January 19 

January 21- January 30 

February 1-February 9 

February 10-February 1*^ 

February 21-February 28 

March 1-March 10 

March 11-March 20 

March 21-March 30 

April 1-April 10 

April 15-April 20 

April 22- April 29 

May 21-May 31 

June 3- June 10 

June U-June 20 

June 21-June 29 

July 1-July 10 

July, 11-July 19 

July 21-July 31 

Average 



Discharge 
( second- 
feet). o 



140, 000 
159, 000 
155, 000 
132, 000 
117, 000 
130, 000 
156, 000 
112, 000 
89,000 
96,000 
112,000 
119,000 
130, 000 
115,000 
71,000 



105, 000 
148, 000 
374, 000 
181,000 
124, 000 
180, 000 
188, 000 
216, 000 
203, 000 
225, 000 
257,000 
279, 000 
214, 000 
281,000 
329, 000 
334, 000 
320, 000 
317,000 
484, 000 



194, 000 



Dissolved solids. 



Parts per 
million. 



320 
237 
245 
256 
249 
260 
228 
266 
306 
316 
310 
254 
265 
271 
301 



271 
260 
222 
214 
277 
304 
266 
257 
238 
255 
297 
256 
293 
284 
265 
296 
294 
304 
250 



270 



Tons per 
24 hours. 



121,000 
101,700 
102, 600 
92, 600 
78, 400 
91,100 
95, 800 
80, 400 
73, 400 
81,800 
93, 700 
81, 500 
93, 000 
84, 000 
57, 600 



76, 600 
103, 700 
224, 000 
104, 500 

92, 600 
147, 900 
135, 000 
149, 500 
130, 000 
154, 500 
205, 600 
192, 400 
168, 800 
215,. 200 
235, 200 
266, 700 
253, 600 
260, 000 
326,200 



140, 300 



a At St. Louis. 



The average variation in discharge of the Mississippi at Chester is 
40 per cent of the mean value of the discharge ; the average variation 
in dissolved solids is 8.5 per cent of the mean value, and the average 
variation in the solids carried per day is 41 per cent. It is unusual 
that the solids carried per day should vary more than the discharge, 



46 



QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. 



for this would indicate that in times of high water there was more 
material dissolved in the river than in times of low water. In order 
to see if this could be accounted for, calculations were made as to the 
amount of dissolved material carried by each of the three component 
streams making up the Mississippi at Chester. For this purpose 
monthly average gage heights and discharge measurements were com- 
puted by Mr. Stabler. 

I The volume of upper Mississippi water reaching Chester was 
assumed to be measured by discharges at Hannibal, Mo., which cor- 
respond to the analyses at Quincy, 111. No discharge measurements 
are available for the Illinois below Peoria, and as the drainage area 
of Illinois River at its mouth is very much greater than at Peoria, the 
proportional effect of Illinois River would not be at all accurately 
represented by taking discharges at Peoria. Estimates by Cooley," 
however, indicate that the discharge of the Illinois into the Mississippi 
is probably about 1.75 times the discharge at Peoria, and therefore 
in the calculations 1.75 times the discharge at Peoria was used as rep- 
resenting the amount of Illinois water reaching Chester, while the 
analyses at Kampsville were used as representing its quality. The 
amount of Missouri River water reaching Chester was represented by 
the discharge measurements at St. Charles, Mo. In Table 14 are 
given these discharges for each month, together with the sum of the 
three discharges and the discharges as calculated for Mississippi 
River at St. Louis. It will be seen that in general the sum of the 
three discharges is somewhat greater than the estimated discharge 
of the Mississippi at St. Louis. It is not likely, however, that the 
proportional error is very serious. 

Table 14. — Discharges of Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri rivers at points stated. 

[In thousands of second-feet.] 



August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



January . . 
February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 



Date. 



1906. 



1907. 



Mississippi 

River at 

Hannibal. 



70 
58 
50 
56 
47 



71 

49 

72 

133 

88 
102 
128 



Illinois 
River at 
Kamps- 

ville.ft 



12 
13 
14 
14 
24 



47 
43 
35 
36 
31 
34 
35 



Missouri 

River at 

St. Charles. 



84 
63 
52 
51 
39 



87 

63 

99 

96 

118 

191 

225 



Sum. 



166 
134 
116 
121 
110 



205 
155 
206 
265 
237 
327 
388 



Mississippi 
River at 
St. Louis. 



151 
126 
113 
111 
102 



198 
157 
202 
251 
242 
307 
370 



a Cooley, L. E., The Illinois River basin in its relation to sanitary engineering, Illinois State Board of 
Health, 1889. 
{» 1.75 times the discbarge at Peoria. 



MISSISSIPPI EIVEE. 47 

In Table 15 is given the percentage of the discharge at Chester 
which is furnished by each river; the average value for the dissolved 
solids in these rivers ; one one-hundredth of the product of these two 
figures, which shows the contribution of each river to the dissolved 
solids in Mississippi River at Chester; the sums of these three com- 
ponents; and the value for dissolved solids at Chester as obtained 
by averaging the values for the three composite samples of each 
month. The figure for May is of almost no value, as samples were 
not received during the first twenty days of that month and only one 
analysis was made during the month. 

It is evident that this method of calculating the dissolved solids 
in Mississippi River water at Chester does not give the correct result, 
the value being higher than those found. This would indicate a 
possible lack of complete mixing of Missouri River with Mississippi 
River at the point where the samples were collected. Another 
explanation would be the undue influence of Kaskaskia River, which 
enters a short distance above Chester. The drainage area of Kas- 
kaskia River is not over 3,000 miles, so that its contribution to the 
flow of the Mississippi is almost negligible. If, however, its water is 
not thoroughly mixed with the other w^ater coming down the Mis- 
sissippi, the samples collected at Chester might have too large a pro- 
portion of Kaskaskia River water. In order to determine this point, 
curves were plotted showing (1) dissolved solids calculated from the 
analyses and discharges of upper Mississippi, lUingis, and Missouri 
rivers; (2) dissolved solids as found by analysis at Chester; (3) dis- 
solved solids as found in the Kaskaskia at Carlyle. It appears from 
inspection of these curves that the dissolved solids found at Chester 
follow very closely the dissolved solids as calculated. The varia- 
tion^ from the curve of calculated values are the same as the varia- 
tions in the values for the dissolved solids in the Kaskaskia. The 
greatest difference between the calculated and determined values is 
only about 8 per cent of the former. Inspection of Table 15 shows 
that in the latter part of the year Missouri River furnished a very 
large proportion of the flow at Chester. The dissolved solids from 
Missouri River are very much higher than the average value for dis- 
solved solids in Mississippi River. This then would cause an increase 
in dissolved solids in Mississippi River at the same time that the 
discharge increased. Thus when the discharge is doubled the 
amount of dissolved matter carried by the stream is more than 
doubled, as the water contains in each cubic foot much more than 
the average amount of dissolved matter. 



48 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. 

Table 15. — Composition of and average solids in Mississippi River at Chester. 



Date. 



Percentage of discharge at Chester. 



Mississippi 

River at 

Hannibal. 

(a) 



Illinois 

River at 

Kamps- 

ville. 

(b) 



Missouri 

River at 

St. Charles. 

(c) 



Dissolved solids (parts per million). 



Mississippi 

River at 

Quincy. 

(d) 



Illinois 

River at 

Kamps- 

ville. 

(e) 



Missouri 

River at 

Ruegg, Mo. 

(f) 



1906 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1907 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 



42.2 
43.3 
43.1 
46.3 
42.7 



34.6 
31.6 
35.0 
50.2 
37.1 
31.2 
33.0 



7.2 

9.7 

12.1 

11.6 

21.8 



22.9 
27.8 
17.0 
13.6 
13.1 
10.4 
9.0 



50.6 
47.0 
44.8 
42.1 
35.5 



42.5 
40.6 
48.0 
36.2 
49.8 
58.4 
58.0 



204 
199 
211 
201 
217 



217 
221 
191 
165 
188 
202 
236 



263 
236 
297 
263 
301 



247 
206 
232 
286 
289 
288 
261 



375 
429 
403 



325 
337 
317 
370 
311 
338 
307 



Date. 



Dissolved solids (parts per million). 



Mississippi River at Chester. 



Calculated. 



Upper 
Mississippi 
River 
water. 
/axd\ 
V 100/ 
(g) 



190G 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1907 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 



86.0 
86.1 
90.8 
93.0 
92.7 



75.0 
69.8 
66.8 
82.8 
69.7 
63.0 
77.8 



Illinois 
River 
water. 
/bxe\ 
VlOO/ 
(h) 



18.9 
22.9 
35.9 
30.5 
65.6 



56.5 
57.2 
39.4 
38.9 
37.8 
30.0 
23.5 



Missouri 
River 
water. 
/CXK 

VlOO/ 

(i) 



168 
181 
144 



138 
137 
152 
134 
155 
198 
178 



Sum. 
(g+h+i) 



295 
304 
302 



270 
264 
258 
256 
262 
290 
279 



By analy- 
sis. 



267 
255 
267 
293 
279 



251 
265 
254 
269 
(293) 
282 
283 



Kaskaskia 
River at 
Carlyle. 



237 
261 
223 
245 
256 



191 
259 
235 
280 
264 
221 
264 



It is evident from inspection of the tables that Mississippi River 
above the Missouri is not remarkably turbid as compared with other 
streams of the Middle West. Its turbidity averages about the same 
as that of other rivers in Illinois. At Chester the turbidity resembles 
that of the Missouri. Usually the suspended matter causing this 
turbidity is composed of fairly large particles which quickly settle 
so that the water can be clarified easily by mere sedimentation. At 
times, however, the turbidity is caused by material so fine that it is 
exceedingly difficult to filter. This excess can be recognized in the 
analyses by the high values for silica. It is probable that in most 



WABASH EIVEE SYSTEM. 49 

samples where the value for silica is over 25 parts per million, the 
excess over this figure is due to suspended matter which was not 
removed by filtration. On account of the large proportion of sul- 
phate in Missouri River water, Mississippi River water below the 
mouth of the Missouri is much less satisfactory for industrial pur- 
poses, even after purification. Above the Missouri, Mississippi River 
water is of much the same quality as most ground and stream waters 
throughout Illinois. 

WABASH RIVER SYSTEM. 

The drainage basin of Wabash River has an area of over 33,000 
square miles. It extends westward from western Ohio across the 
central portion of Indiana and southward to Ohio River. It embraces 
on its west side a considerable portion of southeastern Illinois. 
Drainage from Illinois into Wabash River is carried by Vermilion, 
Embarrass, and Little Wabash rivers. Bonpas River drains a small 
area between Embarrass and Little Wabash rivers. 

WABASH RIVER. 

Municipal supplies. — The Wabash forms the boundary of the State 
on the east and south for a distance of nearly 200 miles by river. 
Its water is usually rather turbid and probably contains more dis- 
solved mineral matter than well waters which may be obtained along 
its banks. For these reasons it is not likely to be used as a source 
of supply, except for communities too large to find a sufficient quan- 
tity in wells. There are not many large cities in Illinois directly on 
the river. Grayville and Mount Carmel, however, obtain their water 
supplies directly from it. 

VERMILION RIVER.o 

Drainage. — Vermilion River drains an area of about 1,500 square 
miles in northern Illinois. The river rises in the Bloomington 
morainic system at the reentrant angle in Ford and Livingston coun- 
ties, only a few miles from the source of the other river of the same 
name, which flows northward to the Illinois. From its source Ver- 
milion River flows east and southeast, entering the Wabash in 
Indiana. In the last 10 miles of its course it receives very little 
drainage, except from the immediate vicinity of the stream. Its 
flow is not very rapid and the discharge is somewhat irregular. 

Municipal supplies. — The municipal supply of Danville, 111., is 
obtained from North Fork of Vermilion River and is purified by 
filtration after the use of a coagulant. 

Samples. — The samples of raw river water were collected by Mr. 
William Van Steenberg, engineer of the Danville Water Company. 

a Not to be confused with the Vermilion River that empties into Illinois River, 
28987— iRR 239—10- 



50 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

Quality of water. — ^Analyses of the composite samples from Dan- 
ville are given in Table 41, together with the average for the year. 

The water of Vermilion River at Danville is very much like that 
obtained from other rivers draining the part of Illinois covered by 
glacial drift. The variations in dissolved solids from time to time 
are not very great. The average variation for the year was 8.4 per 
cent of the mean value for the dissolved solids. The percentage com- 
position of the water does not vary much with variations in the 
amount of dissolved solids. The suspended matter is usually of such 
character that it can be easily removed by filtration. Analyses of 
ground water from drift along the course of Vermilion River show 
that for most industrial purposes there is not much choice between 
the water from the river and that from wells. 

EMBARRASS RIVER. 

Drainage. — Embarrass River drains an area of about 2,000 square 
miles in eastern Illinois. Its source is in the Champaign morainic 
system, immediately south of Champaign, and it flows a little east of 
south until it enters Wabash River about 6 miles below Vincennes. 
The flow is very variable. It is said that at times the river goes 
almost dry at Lawrence ville, 8 miles above its mouth. 

Municipal supplies. — The cities of Charleston, Greenup, and New- 
ton obtain their water supply from the Embarrass. At none of these 
places is the water purified. 

Samples. — Daily samples were collected for the year at Charleston 
and at Lawrence ville. At Charleston the samples were obtained 
from the pump taking water directly from the river for municipal 
supply. The intake at the pumping station is about 240 feet south 
of the pump, near the middle of the river. Collections were made by 
Mr. James Winkleblack and Mr. Louis Strodbeck, engineers at the 
waterworks. 

At Lawrenceville samples were collected for part of the year by 
Mr. C. H. Arnold, superintendent of the Lawrenceville Water Com- 
pany. The supply for the city is obtained from deep wells, and the 
samples furnished by Mr. Arnold were obtained by dipping the water 
from the river near the waterworks. For a time the collection of 
samples at Lawrenceville was omitted, owing to a change in the 
superintendent of the waterworks, but after October 12, 1906, sam- 
ples were collected by Mr. Perry Barnhouse at the pumping station 
of the Big Four Railway from the pump which takes water direct 
from the river. 

Quality of water. — ^Analyses made on the composite samples from 
Charleston and Lawrenceville are given in Tables 42 and 43. The 
percentage composition of the dry residue from the filtered water at 
these two stations is given in Table 16. 



WABASH RIVER SYSTEM. 51 

Table 16. — Percentage composition of dry residue from Jittered Embarrass River water. 



Carbonate (CO3) 

Sulphate (SO4) 

Chlorine (CI) 

Nitrate (NO3) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 

Silica (SiOz) 

Iron oxide (Fe203) 

Salinity, parts per million 



Charleston. 



45.0 

11.4 

1.8 

2.8 

18.8 

8.9 

4.8 

6.3 

.2 



100.0 



271 



Lawrence- 
ville. 



34.5 
12.6 
12.6 

1.3 
15.8 

6.8 
10.0 

6.1 
.3 



100.0 



278 



The water of Embarrass River at Charleston is very much hke 
all the river waters in the section of Ilhnois covered by the glacial 
drift. On account of the fact that the drainage basin above Charles- 
ton is somewhat thinly populated, the proportion of sodium and 
chlorine is lower than in most of the streams of the State. It is 
probable that the character of the water remains fairly constant 
through its course down to a point a short distance above Lawrence- 
ville. 

The water from the river at Lawrenceville is entirely different 
from that at Charleston, the change consisting almost wholly of a 
large increase in sodium and chlorine. Table 43 shows that its per- 
centage composition also varies very much throughout the year. 
This may be due in large measure to the effect of the water draining 
from oil wells above Lawrenceville. The beginning of the great 
activity in the oil industry in southern Illinois occurred during the 
time covered by these analyses. If the river continues to receive 
waste waters from the oil wells it will be of very little value as a 
source of supply either for municipal use or for manufacturing. 

LITTLE WABASH RIVER. 

Drainage. — Little Wabash River drains 3,000 square miles in south- 
eastern Illinois, entering the Wabash 8 miles in a direct line from the 
latter' s junction with the Ohio. From its source in the Shelby ville 
morainic system, in southwestern Coles County, it flows slightly west 
of south for 50 miles and then east of south to its mouth, a distance 
in a direct line of about 75 miles. Its largest tributary is Skillet 
Fork, which has a drainage area of about 1,000 square miles and a 
length in a straight line of about 65 miles; it enters the Little Wabash 
from the west just above Carmi. 

Municipal supplies. — The cities of EfEngham and Carmi are sup- 
plied with water from the Little Wabash. No' analyses were made 
of the water at Effingham, but an analysis by the Illinois State Water 



52 QUALITY or SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

Survey " indicates that it resembles the river waters of northern Illi- 
nois. The water at Carnii is purnped from the river to a standpipe, 
from which it is distributed through the mains. 

Samples. — Samples were collected from the river at Carmi by Mr. 
Samuel Morgan, engineer of the waterworks. 

Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from Carmi 
are given in Table 44. The percentage composition of the dry residue 
is given in Table 17. 

The quality of water at Carmi is exceedingly variable, probably 
owing in some measure to the influence of Skillet Fork, the drainage 
basin of which is typical of southern Illinois. The average variation 
in dissolved solids at Carnii is 17 per cent of the mean value, and the 
range from maximum to minimum is 73 per cent of the mean value. 

During the greater part of the time water from Little Wabash 
contains a large amount of finely divided material which can not be 
removed by any simple filtration. On account of the small amounts 
of calcium and magnesium in the water it is very satisfactory for 
use in steam boilers or for any other purpose where the turbidity and 
iron do not cause inconvenience. 

CACHE RIVER. 

Drainage. — Although Ohio River once discharged wholly or in part 
through the Cache Valley, the region now drained by Cache River 
has an area of only about 600 square miles, comprising the great part 
of the State south of the Ozark ridge. There are extensive swamps 
in the drainage basin of Cache River, but it is nevertheless subject 
to floods of considerable magnitude. 

Samples. — Daily samples were collected and daily gage heights 
read by Mr. J. F. Anderson at the Illinois Central pumping station 
where the railroad crosses the river below Mounds. 

Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from Mounds 
are given in Table 45. In Table 17 is given the percentage composi- 
tion of an average analysis for each of the three rivers draining the 
southern part of the State. Although the Muddy differs from the 
other two more than they do from each other, still the similarity of 
the three waters is evident from a study of the percentage composi- 
tion. They all contain a much larger percentage of sodium salts than 
the rivers of northern Illinois. The proportion of magnesium to 
calcium is very much less than in the northern rivers. The Muddy 
contains more sulphate than carbonate on account of the mine 
drainage referred to on page 40. The proportion of silica in these 
streams is much larger than that in the northern rivers. Part of this 
silica is not actually in solution in the water but is in the finely 
divided suspended matter which was not removed. In the sum of the 

oBartoWj Edward, Municipal water supplies of Illinois: Bull. Univ. Illinois, October 21, 1907. 



MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 



53 



radicles, which is given in Table 17 as salinity, no account is taken of the 
material insoluble in hydrochloric acid and not volatilized by hydro- 
fluoric acid, although this amounted in many samples to as much 
as ^ye parts per million. On this account the salinity is noticeably 
lower than the values obtained for the dissolved solids. 

With the exception of the waters of some reservoirs or ponds, cer- 
tain shallow wells, and Lake Michigan, these river waters are the 
softest in the State and are thus excellent for use in steam boilers. 
The large amount of iron, which can not be removed without a 
coagulant, makes the waters unsatisfactory for laundry use. 

Table 17. — Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered river water in southern 

Illinois. 



Carbonate (CO3) 

Sulphate (SO4) 

Chlorine (CI).. 

Nitrate (NO3) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (M?) 

Sodium and potassium (N*a+K) 

Silica (SiOz) 

Iron oxide (Fe203) 

Salinity , parts per million 



Muddy- 
River at 
Murphys- 
boro. 



206 



Little 
Wabash 
River at 

Carmi. 



17.1 


27.5 


31.1 


35.0 


20.3 


14.0 


6.2 


4.7 


5.0 


1.0 


1.3 


1.5 


12.2 


12.6 


14.0 


5.6 


5.8 


4.4 


9.9 


9.5 


11.1 


11.5 


16.5 


. 16.2 


1.5 


1.8 


2.7 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 



158 



Cache 
River at 
Mounds. 



136 



OHIO RIVER. 

Ohio River is used as a source of supply by the cities of Golconda 
and Metropolis, and at one time furnished part of the municipal sup- 
ply of Cairo. No analyses were made in Illinois of water from Ohio 
River, as it has been extensively studied at a number of places, espe- 
cially Cincinnati and Louisville, where it is used as a source of city 
supply. It is the usual turbid, hard water of a stream entering the 
Mississippi from the east. Where well water can be obtained along, 
its shores, it is usually much better than the river water, so that the 
only use for the river water is in cities too large to be supplied by 
wells. 

MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 

It is usually believed that any community with a population of 
over 1,000 should have a common water supply. Many cities in 
Illinois with less than 1,000 inhabitants have municipal supplies, 
while only a few with more are without one, and most of these are 
considering the question of installing a waterworks system. 

WELLS. 

For individual supplies wells have long been the most satisfactory 
source. In Illinois these may be shallow wells 15 to 30 feet deep, 



54 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS. 

wells in drift 70 to 150 feet deep, or wells in rock 500 to 2,000 feet 
deep. Probably the number of supplies from shallow wells is greater 
than that of all other kinds put together. The number of persons 
served by such wells is, however, not over half the population of the 
State, for very few large supplies are obtained from this source. 

Over a great part of the State wells 70 to 150 feet deep furnish 
an abundant supply of water. In many places this water is of such 
a nature that on exposure to the air it becomes turbid and fur- 
nishes opportunity for the growth of microscopic organisms which 
give unpleasant tastes or odors to the water. The city supplies at 
Champaign and Bloomington are of this type. Water from shallow 
weUs is subject to pollution, and in any fairly densely populated 
community almost certain to be unsafe for drinking, but wells deep 
in the drift give a water that is perfectly safe. 

A number of individuals and several cities obtain a supply of 
water from deep wells in rock. At most of the cities, as Sterlingj 
Rockford, and Elgin, this water, in addition to being perfectly safe 
to drink, contains less dissolved mineral matter than surface waters 
or shallow well waters in the same neighborhood. These deep-well 
waters may be drawn upon at a normal rate for a very long time 
without showing any loss of head, but nearly everywhere the quan- 
tity which can be obtained, even by increasing the number of wells, 
is decidedly limited. This has driven many cities to adopt surface 
water as a source of supply. 

SURFACE SUPPLIES. 
UNTREATED WATERS. 

Almost any surface water in Illinois is sure to be polluted and dan- 
gerous to use for drinking. The largest user of surface water in the 
State is the city of Chicago, which is supplied by water from Lake 
Michigan. This water has in times past been so seriously polluted 
as to have a decided effect upon the death rate of the city, but within 
the last few years improvements have been made which render H 
reasonably safe. The intakes have been extended so that water is 
pumped from a distance of 2 to 4 miles from the shore, making it 
probable that the water will be free from any accidental small pollu- 
tion which may reach the lake. The opening of the Chicago drainage 
canal removed practically all the Chicago sewage from Lake Michigan. 
A few cities obtain supplies from reservoirs fed by springs or small 
streams with an uninhabited drainage basin, and these supplies, with 
careful supervision, may be kept free from contamination. 

PURIFICATION. 

By far the greater number of Illinois cities of large size obtain their 
water supplies from surface waters which are badly polluted. For- 
tunately for the health of the community, most of these sources of 



MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 55 

supply furnish a water of high turbidity, which must be removed to 
make the water attractive in appearance. In many places this tur- 
bidity is caused by particles of extremely small size, often of a size 
comparable with that of bacteria, and any process which will effec- 
tively remove them will at the same time remove the bacteria which 
may be dangerous. In several cities where no purification of the 
water is attempted, the municipal supply is not used for domestic 
purposes. 

Sedimentation. — The simplest method of purification of a turbid 
water is mere sedimentation. If a number of the surface waters of 
Illinois are subjected to sedimentation for a few days a large propor- 
tion of the suspended matter will be removed, but for most waters of 
the State mere sedimentation is not likely to prove satisfactory. 
The suspended matter consists of particles so small that they settle 
very slowly, and to allow sufficient time for satisfactory sedimenta- 
tion would require the building of very large storage reservoirs. The 
amount of land necessary for these reservoirs, together with the cost 
of construction, makes this method out of the question for the clarifi- 
cation of the water. 

Sand filtration. — At a few places in Illinois purification of the water 
is accomplished by means of slow sand filtration. If a water is com- 
paratively free from turbidity, slow sand filtration is a very effective 
method of purifying it. Ordinarily turbidity and bacteria are very 
effectively removed and the effluent is clear and safe for drinking. 
The changes in the mineral content of the water caused by filtering 
through a layer of sand and gravel 3 to 6 inches deep are, however, 
not of any consequence. ^ - 

Mechanical filtration. — Illinois waters very rarely lend themselves 
to treatment by slow sand filtration, on account of the fineness of their 
suspended matter, and to meet the needs of water of this class the 
process known as mechanical filtration has been devised. In this 
process the water is treated with a certain amount of some chemical 
or chemicals which will form a large, flaky precipitate or, as it is 
called, coagulant. The water with this precipitate is then flowed 
upon a filter of coarse sand, through which it filters very rapidly, giving 
an effluent perfectly clear and fairly free from bacteria. In this proc- 
ess the filters soon become clogged with the precipitate which holds 
the bacteria and suspended matter of the water. Therefore after 
running a short time the supply of water is shut off and clear ffltered 
water is forced back through the sand to wash away the film of pre- 
cipitate from the top. This process wastes some of the pure filtered 
water. One disadvantage of this form of treatment is that it requires 
much more expert attention than a slow sand filter. Another dis- 
advantage is that, as sometimes operated, the effluent from a mechan- 
ical filtration plant is much less satisfactory than the untreated water 
for many industrial uses. 



56 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

Some of the early mechanical filtration plants accomplished the 
removal of silt and bacteria by the addition of no chemical except 
aluminum sulphate, which, reacting with the calcium and magnesium 
bicarbonates of the water, would give a precipitate of aluminum 
hydroxide. This precipitate is the best coagulant known. It carries 
down with itself all the finely divided suspended matter, much of the 
color of the water, and a very large proportion of the bacteria. 

With a water deficient in bicarbonates, it is sometimes difficult to 
obtain a satisfactory precipitate by the addition of aluminum sulphate 
alone. In the early days of mechanical filtration about the only 
directions furnished by those who erected the plants were that when 
the water was clear a small amount of alum should be added and that 
when the water became turbid a larger amount should be used. At 
the time when analyses were being made for this report difficulty was 
experienced at the Kankakee waterworks in obtaining satisfactory 
clarification for the water, which was at a very high stage." Alu- 
minum sulphate was being added to the water at the rate of about 14 
grains to the gallon. From analyses of the composite samples from 
Kankakee River at this time, however, it was evident that all the 
bicarbonates in one gallon of water would combine wdth only about 2 
grains of alum, leaving for the consumers the other 12 grains which 
was being added to the water. Thus the aluminum sulphate was 
being wasted, the water was rendered less valuable to the consumers, 
and it was not clarified in a satisfactory manner. At present the 
Kankakee River water is being treated before filtration with lime and 
sulphate of iron in such proportions as to improve the character of 
the water for industrial purposes, and at the same time to make it 
clear and safe for drinking. 

Softening. — For a number of years the Mississippi water at Quincy 
has been treated with lime and sulphate of iron in such proportions as 
materially to decrease its hardness. If the water is thus softened the 
amount of scale-forming materials will be so much decreased that with 
care in operation there will be much less scale formed than with the 
untreated water. In some studies which have been made by the 
Illinois State Water Survey^ it has been pointed out that the cost 
of partial softening is in many cases a very small proportion of the 
cost of softening to the greatest possible extent; and it is probable 
that with proper management most of the surface waters of Illinois 
that are used for municipal supply could be softened to such an extent 
as to increase their value materially without adding very much to 
their cost. No municipality in Illinois attempts to remove the 

a Mr. Cobb, superintendent of the waterworks, has described this experience in a paper read before the 
Illinois Society of Engineers and Surveyors. See Eng. News, vol. 59, p. 119. 

b Bartow, E., and Lindgren, J. M., Some reactions during water treatment: Jour. Am. Chem. Soc, vol. 
29, p. 1293. 



INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER. 57 

permanent hardness from water, the softening consisting merely in 
adding to the water more lime than is necessary to combine with the 
sulphate of iron or aluminum which is used to furnish the coagulant 
for clarification. 

INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER. 
GENERAL STATEMENT. 

Of the water used in Illinois, where the amount and character of 
the dissolved mineral matter are of great importance, by far the 
largest quantity is used in the production of steam power. Many 
other extensive uses, however, require water of the same quality as 
is needed for the generation of steam; for instance, in slaughtering 
and preparing meat products much hot water of that grade is required. 
Laundry work can not be well done with a water containing a large 
amount of calcium or magnesium salts, or with water that is not 
clear and free from iron. The quality of distilled and malt liquors 
depends very largely on the kind of water used in the treatment of 
the grain. Calcium sulphate is said to have a beneficial effect, but 
large quantities of sodium or calcium chloride are supposed to be 
injurious. Of course a clear water free from organic matter is to be 
desired. The distilleries in Illinois generally use well water. The 
manufacturers of soap, candles, glucose, leather, and several minor 
products all require certain degrees of purity in the water used. In 
the manufactured iron, steel, and foundry products, on the other 
hand, the chief requirement in the way of water is for power. In 
general, the best water for industrial use is clear, soft water. 

LAUNDRY WATER. 

Very few river waters of Illinois are suitable for laundry work 
without some form of purification. Those in the northern part of 
the State are hard and most of those in the southern part, where 
some river and reservoir waters are soft enough to be used, are turbid 
and contain much iron. For individual family washing the problem 
is easily solved in all parts of the State, as the rainfall is great enough 
to furnish a supply of rain water at all times of the year if a cistern 
of sufficient capacity is constructed and the rain collected on the 
roof is stored in the cistern. 

This method, however, is not usually possible for laundries which, 
in Illinois, must nearly always soften their water supply in some 
manner, whatever its source. To use enough soap to soften the 
water and then make a suds is very expensive and usually unsatis- 
factory. The calcium and magnesium in the water form insoluble 
soaps which are not easy to remove from the clothes and which make 
spots when the articles are ironed. Many laundries soften the water 



58 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 

by the liberal use of lye and other chemicals which are applied in no 
very definite amounts. The most satisfactory and economical 
method for softening ordinary Illinois waters for laundry use is by 
a plant such as is used for treating boiler-feed water. Where such a 
plant has been properly installed and has been managed with ordi- 
nary carC; the saving in soap or softening chemicals has paid for the 
plant in a few years, leaving the improvement in the laundering as 
clear gain. 

STEAM-BOILER WATER. 

The census of manufactures of Illinois for 1905 gives the amount of 
steam power used in the State for manufacturing as 651,578 horse- 
power. This does not include the power generated by locomotives 
nor a large amount of steam generated for heating. 

It is not easy to figure the amount of water used in the different 
forms of steam production. The railway locomotive uses up the most. 
The less efficient types of stationary engines waste much steam and 
condense little to be fed to the boiler again. Steam-heating plants, 
on the other hand, condense their steam and return it to the boiler, 
very little fresh water being added. In manufacturing the practice 
varies, ranging from one extreme, where, as in a locomotive,. no steam 
is condensed, to the other extreme, where, as in a heating plant, 
practically all the steam is condensed and used over again. 

TrouI)les in a steam boiler where hard water is used are very largely 
dependent on the amount of fresh water put into the boiler. Man}^ 
feed waters contain small amounts of carbonates or bicarbonates and 
large amounts of chlorine with much magnesium and cause serious 
corrosion of the shells and tubes of boilers. Such waters are usually 
best treated by the method outlined below for softening hard waters. 
A very few surface waters are corrosive. These are found mainly near 
the coal mines, where the water is made acid bv the mine drainage. 
Unless the acidity is too great it may be corrected by the use of soda 
ash, but the best remedy is to avoid water that receives mine drainage. 

Nearly all the waters used in Illinois for the production of steam 
contain large amounts of salts of calcium and magnesium, which cause 
much trouble in boilers, forming, unless very carefully watched, a con- 
siderable amount of scale. If a water contains enough carbonate and 
bicarbonate to combine with all the calcium and magnesium present, 
the calcium and magnesium are separated in a flocculent form when 
the water is fed into a boiler and heated. This material, together with 
the material suspended in the water, falls to the bottom of the boiler 
as a soft sludge and may be blown out from time to time. None of 
the waters that have been analyzed in the preparation of this report, 
however, contain enough carbonate and bicarbonate to combine 
with all the calcium and magnesium. As a result, when a boiler using 



INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATEH. 59 

any of these waters is run for some time, calcium and sulphates 
accumulate to such an extent that calcium sulphate is precipitated 
on the shell or the tubes of the boiler. This precipitate serves as 
a cement and makes a hard coherent mass out of the soft sludge 
formed by the precipitation of the carbonates, bicarbonates, and sus- 
pended matter. This suspended matter, which is often as much as the 
dissolved material in the water, causes the river waters to form much 
more scale than would be formed by a clear water containing the same 
dissolved mineral matter. 

SOFTENING. 

At many small power plants water in steam boilers is treated with 
so-called boiler compounds. These compounds are many and 
greatly varied in character. Their most valuable constituent is soda 
ash; some compounds contain sugar, tannin, and various other or- 
ganic substances. Very few of these compounds are any better than 
plain soda ash and many are worse. Their only advantage is in pre- 
venting the formation of hard scale, for, with or without their use, the 
salts of calcium and magnesium will accumulate in the form of sludge 
and must be blown out. 

In a good many plants, especially in some of moderate size, the 
water, before reaching the boiler, is purified to a certain extent simply 
by heating. This causes a separation in the heater of a considerable 
proportion of the substances which would otherwise be separated in 
the boiler. This method is not a great improvement over using the 
water without any purification, the main difference being that the 
sludge has to be removed from the feed-water heater rather than from 
the boiler. Sometimes the water in its passage through the' heater 
is treated with sodium carbonate or soda ash; when properly con- 
ducted this process insures the removal of practically all the cal- 
cium and magnesium, leaving nothing to go into the boiler that can 
form hard scale. 

The best steam-boiler practice is to so soften the water that no 
calcium and magnesium salts can be precipitated within the boiler. 
To accomplish this purpose the cold water is usually treated with 
lime and soda ash, which are dissolved in water either separately or 
together and mixed in definite proportion with the water to be 
treated. In ordinary water-softening practice it is customary to 
add a quantity of lime equivalent to the calcium and magnesium 
present in the water as bicarbonates, and soda ash equivalent to all 
the calcium and magnesium not present in the form of bicarbonates. 
A further quantity of lime is added equivalent to all the magnesium 
present, whether as bicarbonate or as some other salt. Still more 
lime is added to unite with the excess of carbon dioxide in the water 
above the amount necessary to form bicarbonates. Other factors, as 



60 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. 

the presence of sodium bicarbonate, iron, aluminum, and other sub- 
stances, affect the amount of chemicals to be added, but the treatment 
outlined above has proved satisfactory with many Illinois surface 
waters. If the dosing is properly done, practically all the lime and 
magnesium are precipitated, settling to the bottom of the tank in 
which the reaction is carried out. The clear water is then perfectly 
satisfactory for use in a boiler. It still contains enough salts of cal- 
cium and magnesium to prevent corrosion, but not enough to form 
any scale if the boiler is blown off reasonably often. River waters in 
Illinois carry so much suspended matter that it is well worth while to 
go to some expense to keep it out of a boiler. 

In order that the different waters which have been studied for this 
report may be compared as to their value for the production of steam, 
the cost of softening has been calculated from the average analysis of 
the water from each station. In Table 18 are given the results of this 
calculation, showing the amount of lime and the amount of soda ash 
needed to soften 1,000 gallons of the water. The cost is figured on 
the basis of 0.3 cent a pound for pure lime (CaO) and 1.2 cents a pound 
for pure sodium carbonate (NagCOg) . Commercial lime and soda ash 
can easily be bought at prices enough below these to offset the differ- 
ence in amount of pure CaO and NagCOg. The figures form an ap- 
proximate measure of the value of the water for steaming purposes. 
There is a great difference between the cost of 0.27 cent per 1,000 gal- 
lons for Lake Michigan or 0.16 cent for Cache River and the cost of 
over 1 cent for Vermilion River at Streator or Fox River at Ottawa. 
The range from 0.6 cent to 1.1 cents per 1,000 gallons will, however, 
include the river waters which are most used. The rise from about 
0.4 cent at Moline and Quincy to 0.65 cent at Chester shows the great 
influence of Missouri River on the quality of the Mississippi River 
water. 

The actual cost of softening 1,000 gallons of water from any of 
these rivers would of course be much more than is given in the table, 
for it must include depreciation of the plant, interest on the invest- 
ment, and expense of operation. These items depend, however, more 
on the size of the installation than on the quality of the water. In 
a few places the great variability in quality causes a slight increase 
in the cost of operation by requiring special care to make the doses 
of chemicals correspond to the variations in the water, but it is more 
usual to allow this variation in quality to appear in the over or under 
treatment of the water, the dose remaining the same. 



CONCLUSIONS. 
Tablk 18. — Cost of softening Illinois surface waters. 



61 



Source. 



Lake Michigan 

Reservoir 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Rock River 

Do 

Kankakee River 

Fox River 

Do 

Vermilion River (of Illinois River) . . 
Sangamon River 

Do 

Do 

Illinois River 

Do 

Do 

Kaskaskia River 

Do 

Muddy River 

Mississippi River 

Do 

Do 

Vermilion River (of Wabash River). . 
Embarrass River 

Do 

Little Wabash River 

Cache River 



Station. 



Chicago 

Cartter 

Marion 

Cypress 

Toppa 

Rockford 

Sterling 

Kankakee 

Elgin 

Ottawa 

Streator 

Decatur 

Springfield... 
Chandlerville . 

La Salle 

Peoria 

Kampsville . . 
Shelby ville... 

Carlyle 

Murphysboro. 

Moline 

Quincy 

Chester 

Danville 

Charleston . . . 
Lawrence ville 

Carmi 

Mounds 



Chemicals required per 
thousand gallons. 



Lime 
(CaO). 



Pounds. 
0.78 
.20 
.35 
.39 
.24 
1.45 



.53 

.23 

,60 

.67 

.48 

1.52 

1.41 

1.46 

1.20 

1.16 

1.16 

1.51 

1.20 

.51 

.83 

.98 

.98 

1.41 

1.41 

1.11 

.51 

.44 



Soda ash 
(NazCOs). 



Pounds. 
0.03 
.08 
.26 
.16 
.06 
.07 
.16 
.48 
.27 
.49 
.52 
.21 
.23 
.20 
,42 
.40 
.31 
.21 
.22 
.47 
.10 
.10 
.29 
.34 
.19 
.25 
.14 
.02 



Cost per 

thousand 

gallons. 



Cents. 
0.27 
.16 
.41 
.31 
.14 
.52 
.64 
.94 
.80 
1.09 
L07 
.71 
.69 
.68 
.87 
.83 
.72 
.70 
.62 
.71 
.37 
.41 
.64 
.83 
.65 
.63 
.32 
.16 



CONCLUSIONS. 

1. Compared with surface waters of the United States as a whole, 
the surface waters of lUinois are fairly uniform in quality throughout 
the State. 

2. The best large supply of water in the State is Lake Michigan. 

3. Water in the reservoirs and rivers of the southern part of the 
State is softer than that of northern rivers. The turbidity is less in 
the northern rivers and is much more easily removed than that of 
the southern streams. 

4. None of the river waters are clear enough to furnish a satisfac- 
tory city supply without treatment. Treatment which will clarify 
the water and give it a pleasing appearance can be made to yield from 
most rivers a water safe for drinking. 

5. The value for industrial use of nearly all the surface waters may 
be greatly increased by softening. 

6. The daily and seasonal variations in quality render necessary 
careful daily supervision to insure the best results in any form of 
purification. 

7. The quality of Illinois River water is made more uniform by the 
operation of the Chicago drainage canal. 

8. The impounding of flood waters for the purpose of regulating the 
discharge of the rivers would greatly improve the quality of the water. 



62 



QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. 



The turbidity would be decreased, and the variations in amount of 
dissolved material would be much less. The extreme values occur in 
the times of very high and very low water, which would be eUminated 
by the impounding. 

ANALYTICAL TABLES. 

Table 19. — Mineral analyses of water from reservoir near Cartter, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 






i 












c3 . 




ID 










(1906-7). 








«pi 








to 


P,^ 


'% 


73 
03 


a 


c3 














ti 


o 


^^ 








-4- 


!-i . 




»-< . 


l-i • 


^-N 












xi 

1 


Pi w 

.22 1=1 


O 







'W 


SO 
Pi'-' 




03--' 


,a>0 

03s_x 




Pi 


w - 


From— 


To- 






CO 

m 


o 

O 


u 
CQ 


1 





1 









S-i 



s 


pPl 

t 


5 


;-l 





1' 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


120 


44 


0.4 


12 


0.40 


13 


6.1 




0.0 


45 


20 


3.2 


8.2 


103 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


50 


19 


.4 


7.4 


.50 


4.6 


4.6 


7.1 


.0 


25 


11 


1.8 


1.2 


62 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


60 


25 


.4 


5.8 


.55 


11 


5.7 


14 


.0 


46 


16 


3.0 


2.5 


82 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


30 


18 


.6 


7.6 


.05 


8.0 


3.8 


5.5 


.0 


30 


10 


2.0 


2.0 


64 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


30 


15 


.5 


9.2 


.12 


8,1 


3.8 


5.0 


.0 


29 


12 


1.6 


2.0 


67 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


60 


23 


.4 


5.4 


.10 


11 


4.0 


5.7 


.0 


32 


11 


2.0 


3.0 


68 


Sept. 30 
Oct. 10 


Oct. 


Q 


















.0 












Oct. 
Oct. 
Nov. 


13 
29 

8 


















.0 
.0 
.0 












Oct. 25 




























Oct. 30 


30 


16 


.5 


11 


.25 


11 


7.6 


8.1 


47 


17 


2.0 


3.0 


81 


Nov. 9 


Nov. 


19 


50 


19 


.4 


7.2 


.50 


9.1 


4.5 


8.2 


.0 


39 


18 


1.5 


4.5 


76 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 
Dec. 


30 
10 


















.0 
.0 












Dec. 2 


30 


17 


.6 


9.6 


1.6 


6.4 


2.4 


11 


31 


17 


2.0 


8.7 


66 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


100 


53 


.5 


13 


2.0 


11 


5.3 


8.6 


.0 




17 


3.0 


4.0 


93 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


50 


26 


.5 


14 


1.6 


6.8 


4.9 


6.8 


.0 


35 


19 


2.5 


3.2 


82 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


105 


36 


.3 


28 


.08 


5.0 


3.6 


8.0 


.0 


41 


10 


3.0 


4.0 


106 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


18 


100 


23 


.2 


26 


1.7 


9.2 


3.5 


12 


.0 


36 


21 


2.0 


5.0 


122 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


50 


34 


.7 


15 


1.5 


8.5 


3.5 


7.6 


.0 


25 


17 


1.5 


3.7 


89 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


9 


40 


15 


.4 


16 


1.2 


7.4 


2.2 


9.6 


.0 


32 


18 


2.7 


5.0 


95 


Feb. 11 


Feb. 


18 


40 


30 


.8 


21 


2.3 


6.1 


2.6 


12 


.0 


27 


18 


1.0 


8.0 


93 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


50 


29 


.6 


17 


2.5 


7.0 


1.7 


11 


.0 


30 


17 


1.4 


6.0 


90 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 
Mar. 


10 

20 


















.0 
.0 












Mar. 11 


120 


51 


.4 


19 


2.1 


7.4 


3.5 


12 


27 


19 


2.5 


7.5 


89 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


100 


65 


.6 


18 


4.5 


7.7 


3.3 


10 


.0 


25 


19 


3.0 


6.5 


100 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


100 


31 


.3 


20 


1.9 


9.6 


2.8 


9.5 


.0 


37 


21 


1.5 


6.0 


118 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


70 


27 


.4 


21 


2.6 


7.9 


2.6 


8.7 


-.0 


27 


17 


1.7 


5.8 


100 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


90 


29 


.3 


23 


2.8 


12 


2.7 


6.5 


.0 


22 


27 


1.0 


4.5 


99 


May 1 
May 11 


May 
May 


10 


















.0 












20 


120 


80 


.7 


11 


.74 


8.5 


2.7 


11 


.0 


27 


15 


3.0 


7.0 


83 


May 21 


May 


31 


140 


27 


.2 


29 


11 


11 


2.7 


6.9 


.0 


20 


18 


1.2 


7.0 


128 


June 1 


June 
June 


10 

20 


















.0 
.0 












June 11 


100 


71 


.7 


27 


2.8 


14 


3.2 


9.2 


35 


14 


2.4 


5.5 


117 


June 21 


June 


30 


90 


70 


.8 


17 


3.2 


12 


2.7 


5.5 


.0 


51 


14 


3.0 


7.8 


100 


July 1 


July 


10 


65 


25 


.4 


26 


3.2 


10 


1.9 


6.9 


.0 


44 


14 


1.6 


6.3 


116 


July 11 
July 21 


July 
July 


■^o 


















.0 












31 


35 


16 


.4 


14 


1.0 


9.8 


4.2 


6.0 


.0 


46 


14 


1.7 


7.3 


83 


Mean. 


72 


33 


.5 


16 


1.9 


9.0 


3.6 


8.6 


.0 


34 


16 


2.1 


5.2 


92 


Per ct 


of anhy- 




drou 


3 residi 


le... 








20.0 


03. 4 


11.4 


4.5 


10.8 


20.8 




20.0 


2.6 


6.5 

















oFe208. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



63 



Table 20. — Mineral analyses of water froTn reservoir near Marion, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 






i 












. 


i. 




'3 


a? 


r2 






(1906-7). 








tpl 










"hi, 


aw 


C3 


03 


£3 


9 

03 














a 


"o 




^ 




c3 




§1 


(H . 


05 CO 


»-< . 


M . 


-^ 


, 










* t3 


.2 


»5 


O 


'a? 


o 


1 






.2S 






0) 


"o 








^ 


ri 








^ 


H 


"i 


H -* 


a-^ 


03^ 


o3 v3 


fl 


OT 


From— 


To- 




1 

^ 




o 

O 






O 


'3 
o 


1^ 


1-S 


o 


03 

o 


-a 







"3 

E-i 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


30 


18 




0.6 


15 


0.80 


18 


12 


22 


0.0 


75 


54 


0.5 


7.7 


179 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


135 


47 




.3 


8.0 


.14 


17 


7.1 


15 


.0 


55 


40 


1.8 


8.0 


150 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


148 


59 




.4 


5.2 


.12 


13 


7.9 


17 


.0 


43 


39 


1.0 


6.5 


113 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


6 


40 


27 




.7 


6.0 


.05 


16 


10 


20 


.0 


51 


38 


1.7 


8.0 


127 


Sept. 11 


Sept. 


19 


50 


16 




.3 


5.2 


.60 


14 


10 


12 


.0 


62 


36 


.6 


8.0 


124 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


20 


16 




.8 


4.8 


.10 


17 


8.4 


11 


.0 


55 


35 


3.5 


8.0 


122 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


8 


30 


21 




.7 


7.2 


.16 


18 


7.0 


16 


.0 


46 


40 


.6 


9.0 


129 


Oct. 14 


Oct. 


19 


10.0 


11 




1.1 


3.2 


.06 


18 


10 


20 


-.0 


62 


46 


1.0 


10 


132 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


31 


30 


14 




.5 


11 


.30 


21 


12 


20 


.0 


77 


50 


.5 


11 


142 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 


6 


20 


9.4 




.5 


26 


.05 


17 


13 


18 


.0 


103 


44 


1.0 


9.5 


139 


Nov. 9 


Nov. 


19 


60 


26 




.4 


5.0 


.12 


15 


4.9 


13 


.0 


46 


43 


1.2 


7.5 


112 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


22 


115 


41 




.4 


16 


.70 


12 


4.3 


11 


.0 


46 


30 


3.5 


4.5 


121 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


14 


157 


56 




.4 


18 


2.2 


16 


5.2 


21 


.0 


26 


40 


1.5 


6.5 


129 


Dec. 25 


Dec. 


31 


174 


72 




.4 


24 


2.2 


14 


11 


17 


.0 




45 


2.0 


13 


174 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


240 


81 




.4 


22 


3.6 


8.1 


2.9 


15 


.0 


"""45 


30 


3.0 


4.5 


124 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


20 


315 


160 




.5 


25 


2.5 


12 


5.2 


12 


.0 


31 


42 


3.0 


5.2 


149 


Feb. 24 


Feb. 


27 


70 


22 




.3 


21 


1.1 


17 


6.9 


18 


.0 


20 


85 


1.7 


13 


172 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


100 


73 




.7 


19 


2.0 


15 


8.9 


27 


.0 


29 


74 


2.5 


9.3 


185 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 
Mar. 


20 
31 
































Mar. 21 




























































Mean. 


97 


43 




.5 


13 


.93 


15 


8.2 


17 


.0 


51 


45 


1.7 


8.3 


140 


Per ct. 


of anhy- 




drous 


3 resid 


lie. . 










9.6 


al.O 


11.2 


6.1 


12.6 


18.7 




33.4 


1.3 


6.1 

















aFe203. 



64 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 21. — Mineral analyses of water froTn reservoir near Cypress, III. 
[ Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(1906-7). 



Aug. 1 
Aug. 11 
Aug, 21 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 10 
Sept. 20 
Sept. 30 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 31 
Nov. 9 
Nov. 21 
Dec. 2 
Dec. 12 
Dec. 21 
Jan. 1 
Jan. 11 
Jan. 21 
Feb. 1 
Feb. 10 
Feb. 19 
Mar. 1 
Mar. 11 
Mar. 21 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 11 
Apr. 21 
May 1 
May 11 
May 21 
June 1 
Jime 11 
June 21 
July 1 
July 11 
July 21 



To— 



Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 19 

Oct. 26 

Nov. 8 

Nov. 18 

Nov. 31 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 20 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31 



Mean 

Per ct. of anhy- 
drous residue. 



150 
125 



110 
100 
50 
127 
108 



290 



620 
270 
165 
100 



90 
450 
375 

55 
112 
110 
220 
150 



170 
95 
80 
30 
30 
30 



155 



138 



65 
105 
46 
55 
46 
26 
72 
154 



123 
66 
36 
31 
17 
16 



59 



a « 
.2 ^ 
o 

as 
o 
O 



0.4 
.5 



.7 
.2 
.1 

1.0 
.4 
.2 
.3 

1.0 



.7 
.7 
.4 
1.0 
.6 
.5 



12 
6.2 



6.4 
8.6 
7.0 

14 

25 



45 



37 
72 
45 
6.0 



41 
59 
62 
61 
43 
62 
25 
8.6 



12 

15 

17 

13 
7.2 
8.4 



29 
19.7 



Ph 



0.80 
.14 



.60 
.10 
.06 
.35 
2.0 



1.1 



4.9 



8.0 
13 
2.0 
2.0 



16 



8.4 
7.8 
16 
9.1 
14 
.4 
7.41 
.52 



.38 
1.3 
.18 
.50 
.18 
.41 



3.7 

o3. 6 



18 
12.2 






11 



10 
6.5 
8.7 
1.8 

13 



14 
7.6 



6.9 



5.1 
6.1 
5.2 
3.0 



Siz; 






21 
13 



10 
7.9 
13 

18 
22 



19 

18 



9.1 



5.8 
4.6 



7.0 

4.8 



13 
15 
14 
11 



9.8 
11 
13 
11 
12 
11 
14 

9.8 



13 






O 



0.0 
.0 



.0 



.0 



8. 8| 22. 4 



offi 



121 
81 



34 



64 
79 
97 
80 
97 
104 



67 



ft 






0.3 



34 



33 
22.4 



.6 
3.4 

.9 
1.5 
2.5 



1.6 
3.0 



2.6 



4.6 
5.0 
2.0 
3.5 



3.2 
2.3 
3.0 
1.6 
1.7 
1.8 
2.6 
3.4 



2.2 
1.0 
2.0 
2.0 
1.3 
1.4 



2.2 



1.5 



O 



7.7 
6.0 

'7.6 
6.0 
7.0 
9.0 
9.5 



152 
122 

iig 

132 
118 
182 
187 



9.5 
9.5 



182 
165 



6.5 



185 



6.5 
4.7 
7.2 
5.3 



156 

241 

189 

89 



6.8 
8.5 
7.5 
6.0 
6.0 
5.5 
6.6 
6.81 



6.5 
7.0 

4.8 
6.0j 
6.5 
6.0 



169 
207 
232 
224 
182 
206 
194 
124 



164 
149 
146 
136 
137 
140 



6.8 165 
4.6.... 



o Fe203. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



65 



Table 22. — Mineral analyses of water from reservoir near Joppa, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(1906-7). 


s 


CD 
0) 

00 

a 


a 

o 

^^ 

.2 ^ 

8 
o 


6 


'5' 

1 

1— ( 


o 

'_o 
O 


1^ 


li 

02 


O 

03 
O 


_a3 
"jo 

'3 

O) CO 

OM 

g 


0) 

"o 

'i 

a, 
"3 


.2 

"o 

'i 

u 

ojO 

03 \^ 
!.< 


a 
o 

o 




From— 


To— 


o 

w 

o 
Eh 


Aug. 1 
Aug. 11 
Aug. 21 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 14 
Sept. 20 
Sept. 30 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 30 
Nov. 9 


Aug. 10 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 30 
Sept. 7 
Sept. 19 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 9 
Oct. 19 
Oct. 29 
Nov. 8 
Nov. 19 
Nov. 30 
Dec. 10 
Dec. 20 
Dec. 31 
Jan. 10 
Jan. 20 
Jan. 31 
Feb. 9 
Feb. 18 
Feb. 28 
Mar. 10 
Mar. 20 
Mar. 31 
Apr. 10 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 30 
May 10 
May 20 
May 31 
June 10 
June 20 
June 30 
July 10 
July 20 
July 31 






























135 
140 


43 
49 


0.3 
.4 


15 
9.8 


0.7 
.30 


7.4 

8.7 


6.6 
4.4 


10.0 

11 


0.0 
.0 


46 
43 


16 
15 


2.7 
3.0 


4.5 
6.5 


98 
96 






























40 


26 


.6 


8.2 


.30 


12 


5.3 


9.9 


.0 


56 


14 


3.0 


5.0 


87 


40 
40 
80 


22 
25 
36 


.6 
.6 
.4 


9.4 
13 
19 


.15 

.6 

.6 


14 
16 
14 


8.3 
6.7 
5.8 


8.8 
14 
13 


.0 
.0 
.0 


58 
70 

77 


14 
20 
22 


3.0 
2.0 
1.8 


4.0 
4.5 
4.3 


94 
102 
127 


Nov. 20 
Dec. 1 
Dec. 11 


80 
70 


30 
23 


.4 
.3 


15 
20 


1.2 
3.0 


14 

8.5 


4.2 
3.8 


10 
14 


.0 
.0 


49 
56 


24 
20 


1.5 

1.5 


3.5 
3.2 


96 
104 


Dec. 22 


128 


46 


.4 


29 


3.2 


9.2 


4.9 


11 


.0 


52 


18 






^?^ 


Jan. 1 








Jan. 11 
Jan. 21 
Feb. 1 
Feb. 10 
Feb. 19 
Mar. 1 
Mar. 11 
Mar. 21 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 11 
Apr. 21 
May 2 


164 

188 

135 

90 

70 

90 

145 

130 

120 

120 

115 


87 
43 
21 
22 
33 
46 
88 
32 
32 
48 
71 


.5 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.2 
.3 
.4 
.6 


33 
32 
31 
34 
28 
32 
35 
28 
56 
40 
8.0 


4.4 
6.5 
4.2 
6.4 
3.2 
8.4 
7.8 
7.8 
7.6 
9.9 
5.6 


7.0 
9.6 
6.8 
7.4 
7.0 

17 
6.6 

10 

10 
7.9 

10.0 


3.0 

0.87 

4.8 

2.6 

2.4 

3.0 

5.5 

0.86 

3.5 

3.3 

4.0 


12 

12 
7.6 
6.2 

13 
4.9 
9.5 
9.5 
7.6 
7.1 
5.4 


.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


41 
25 
42 
37 
27 
25 
37 
27 
25 
40 
30 


24 
20 
18 
9.7 
23 
24 
39 
22 
19 
16 
29 


i.2 
2.5 
3.0 
6.0 
1.2 
1.2 
1.4 
2.3 
1.2 
0.9 
0.8 


3.7 
4.5 
4.0 
7.0 
4.7 
3.0 
4.8 
4.2 
3.4 
3.5 
3.5 


129 
133 
112 
129 
110 
130 
138 
163 
158 
129 
130 


May 11 
May 21 
Jtme 1 


112 
120 


95 
116 


.8 
1.0 


19 
10 


1.9 
.95 


7.0 
14 


2.1 
3.7 


6.8 
9.3 


.0 
.0 


22 
30 


19 
18 


1.6 
1.3 


3.8 
5.8 


89 
72 


Jnnp 11 






























Jime 21 
July 1 
July 11 
July 21 


170 

300 

100 

95 


160 
318 
131 

87 


.9 
1.1 
1.3 

.9 


11 

15 

7.8 
19 


.34 
1.6 

.44 
3.2 


9.4 
10.0 
12 
12 


4.8 
2.6 
2.7 

4.8 


7.0 
5.5 
2.5 

6.8 


.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


66 
49 
49 
41 


16 
14 
14 
14 


0.3 
0.6 
0.6 
3.0 


3.0 
4.8 
6.0 
3.5 


74 
82 
73 
99 


Mean. 
Per ct. 
drouE 


of anhy- 
residue. . 


116 


66 


.5 


22 
22.8 


3.5 
o5.2 


10 
10.4 


4.0 
4.1 


9.0 
9.3 


.0 
22.0 


43 


19 
19.7 


1.9 
2.0 


4.3 
4.5 


111 













aFe203. 



28987— iRR 239—10- 



66 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 23/ — Mineral analyses of water from Rock River near Rockford, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 

















"m 

§ 


03 . 


(D 
1 


03 

1 • 


1 


1 






(1906-7). 




>> 







. 





^ 

p 




SO 


CO 






6 


2 








'3 


t3 


2 ^ 







■3 


1 


Ii 


03O 




.2 m 

ft 


TO S..X 

+2 


01 


CO 








"rt 


From — 


To- 


D 


3 


0^ 




■-3 


2 


-3 


03 


-g-s 


U 





3 


■'^ 


s 











H 


m 





CQ 


1— 1 





S 


02 





s 


OQ 


^ 





H 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


450 


198 


0.4 


14 


0.20 


32 


19 


11 


0.0 


187 


17 


3.0 


5.5 


207 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


228 


115 


.5 


22 


.24 


29 


21 


11 


.0 


174 


21 


3.6 


2.51 198 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


310 


142 


.4 


19 


1.7 


28 


17 


11 


.0 


161 


16 


2.5 


6.0; 179 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


148 


78 


.5 


20 


.12 


40 


26 


7.9 


.0 


253 


22 


3.5 


4.5 


249 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


140 


65 


.5 


6.6 


.50 


41 


22 


11 


.0 


272 


18 


3.6 


4.5 


229 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


60 


34 


.6 


15 


.08 


54 


33 


18 


.0 


295 


15 


4.0 


5.5 


275 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


8 


60 


43 


.7 


8.8 


.04 


44 


26 


10.0 


.0 


252 


16 


4 


4.5 


243 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 


18 


30 


19 


.6 


13 


.07 


52 


26 


13 


.0 


315 


17 


4.0 


5.0 


296 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 
Nov. 


29 
8 






























Nov. 1 


'26'" 


ii" 


.'6 


'is' 


' ' '.'65 


" * "53 


" " "33 


"'i2" 


"".0 


'"326 


""ig 


5.0 


'"4.'5 


'286 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 


19 


10.0 


4.0 


.4 


11 


.04 


55 


32 


7.5 


.0 


314 


21 


3.5 


6.0 


287 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 
Dec. 


29 
10 






























Dec. 1 


'26" 


'17" 


.'9 


'13" 


'"."67 


""48 


" " "32 


"■9:5 


"".'6 


"'29i 


" " " "2i 


" " "4."6 


" * '5."2 


"256 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


15 


6.4 


.4 


12 


.13 


52 


32 


13 


.0 


310 


25 


4.0 


7.5 


295 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


10.0 


16 


1.6 


18 


.14 


57 


34 


14 


.0 


347 


34 


4.0 


5.5 


320 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


380 


150 


.4 


21 


1.5 


35 


19 


16 


.0 


184 


28 


4.0 


3.5 


218 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


20 


290 


354 


1.2 


18 


.8 


32 


18 


10 


.0 


218 


30 


4.0 


4.0 


228 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


177 


96 


.5 


17 


1.2 


28 


14 


11 


.0 


139 


17 


3.0 


5.0 


173 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


7 


50 


31 


.6 


22 


.7 


39 


23 


12 


.0 


234 


30 


3.5 


5.0 


243 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


40 


23 


.6 


18 


.26 


46 


25 


9.0 


.0 


265 


21 


5.5 


5.5 


261 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


80 


39 


.5 


13 


1.8 


34 


17 


9.2 


.0 


176 


19 


4.5 


6.0 


194 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


20 


16 


.8 


13 


.25 


44 


26 


7.9 


.0 


227 


22 


7.0 


5.8 


233 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 


20 
31 
10 
















'"'"■" 














Mar. 21 































Apr. 1 


276" 


276" 


"""i.6 


'ie'" 


"'".'39 


" " "4i 


20 


' ' "7.'6 


"".0 


""208 


""24 


""2.'8 


""2.'8 


'223 


Apr. 11 
Apr. 21 


Apr. 
Apr. 


20 






























30 


"35" 


'24" 


.7 


' '8."6 


""".'ie 


" "56 


"36 


' ' 'i's 


' '".0 


' " '264 


'""24 


' " '2."5 


'"5.6 


'266 


May 1 


May 


10 






























May 11 


May 


20 


"46" 


"45"' 


"i.i 


' '9.2 


"'"."is 


" " "52 


"22 


' " '8.'2 


"".6 


'"292 


"" "25 


" " "9."6 


" ' "3."6 


'306 


May 21 


May 


31 


70 


75 


1.1 


8.8 


.15 


51 


27 


11 


.0 


287 


23 


3.2 


4.0 


268 


June 1 


June 


10 


80 


70 


.9 


8.6 


.26 


53 


29 


8.2 


.0 


267 


25 


3.6 


3.0 


268 


June 11 


Jime 


20 


100 


107 


1.1 


8.8 


.18 


57 


33 


7.7 


.0 


272 


25 


4.0 


3.0 


275 


June 21 


June 


30 


110 


101 


.9 


15 


.17 


62 


29 


9.2 


.0 


287 


19 


3.0 


3.5 


283 


July 1 


July 


10 


210 


192 


.9 


21 


.78 


51 


20 


7.6 


.0 


260 


18 


6.0 


2.5 


243 


July 11 


July 


20 


240 


179 


.7 


18 


.54 


53 


24 


7.2 


.0 


253 


13 


6.0 


3.0 


239 


July 21 


July 


31 


340 


241 


.7 


28 


.38 


48 


24 


11 


.0 


226 


20 


2.5 


6.0 


247 


Mean. 


134 


92 


.7 


15 


.44 


45 


25 


10 


.0 


252 


22 


4.1 


4.6 


250 


Per ct. 


of aiihy- 




drouj 


5 residi 


ae. . 








6.0 


0.2 


18.0 


10.0 


4.0 


49.6 




8.8 


1.6 


1.8 

















o Fe203. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



67 



Table 24. — Mineral analyses of water from Rock River near Sterling, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 











^ 
« 












^ . 




01 




2, 



03 






Date 
(1906-7). 








o 

i 







'0 


'So 

0) 




1 

03O 



.0 


03 
03 « 

IS 

03 


1 




6 



CO 

1 








"3 


From — 


To- 


_ 


D 


CO 

3 


a) 
o 


^ 





"^ 


^ 


'g-55 


^ 


P 


3 


■'-' 


S 











Eh 


CQ 


O 


m 


1— 1 





% 


m 


u 


s 


m 


"A 





e 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


600 


422 


0.7 


11 


0.20 


40 


25 


14 


0.0 


225 


18 


6.0 


5.7 


247 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


425 


321 


.8 


23 


.12 


30 


18 


13 


.0 


158 


18 


3.3 


7.7 


187 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


565 


402 


.7 


23 


2.4 


30 


17 


. 9.7 


.0 


153 


13 


3.5 


4.5 


183 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


410 


343 


.8 


20 


.12 


49 


31 


6.2 


.0 


264 


19 


3.5 


5.0 


268 


Sept. 11 


Sept. 


17 


600 


463 


.7 


17 


.30 


47 


23 


15 


.0 


278 


19 


2.0 


6.0 


265 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


290 


281 


1.0 


13 


.10 


50 


31 


5.7 


.0 


285 


17 


4.0 


5.5 


265 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 
Oct. 


7 
18 






























Oct. 11 


"i44 


""i27 


.'9 


"i3"' 


'".'63 


""'55 


'""26 


"'7.'7 


"'".'6 


""3i2 


" ' "22 


'""3."5 


""io" 


"297 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


28 


216 


168 


.8 


13 


.03 


56 


34 


10 


.0 


330 


18 


3.0 


5.5 


303 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 


8 


100 


112 


1.1 


20 


.10 


55 


34 


18 


.0 


326 


30 


3.0 


6.5 


301 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 


16 


30 


21 


.7 


6.8 


.03 


53 


32 


10 


.0 


330 


24 


0.4 


7.0 


288 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


29 


60 


49 


.8 


13 


.03 


55 


37 


10 


.0 


303 


26 


5.0 


5.0 


280 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


50 


115 


2.3 


17 


.04 


52 


32 


9.2 


.0 


293 


26 


2.5 


6.2 


275 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 
Dec. 


20 
31 


50 
20 


666 
28 


13 

1.4 


8.8 
12 


.06 
.22 


56 
54 


35 
29 


15 
16 


.0 
.0 


""356 


33 

21 






304 


Dec. 21 


"'"s.'o 


""6."5 


337 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


280 


307 


1.1 


10 


.20 


37 


24 


14 


.0 


227 


26 


4.5 


5.0 


252 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


19 


187 


111 


.6 


26 


.56 


41 


24 


13 


.0 


245 


36 


4.0 


3.5 


273 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


30 


210 


146 


.5 


16 


1.3 


29 


14 


18 


.0 


139 


24 


5.0 


5.2 


176 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


7 


45 


42 


.9 


17 


.64 


57 


31 


22 


.0 


285 


40 


1.8 


11 


312 


Feb. 12 


Feb. 


17 


40 


31 


.8 


9.6 


.40 


48 


27 


12 


.0 


235 


44 


4.5 


16 


270 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


60 


54 


.9 


12 


.13 


42 


21 


15 


.0 


213 


26 


5.5 


5.3 


224 


Mar. 2 


Mar. 


10 


60 


50 


.8 


15 


.21 


46 


26 


13 


.0 




24 


6.5 


4.0 


276 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


90 


44 


.5 


20 


.14 


59 


28 


17 


.0 


""278 


25 


0.3 


7.5 


282 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


110 


51 


.5 


15 


.26 


49 


21 


12 


.0 


245 


19 


5.4 


3.8 


260 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


240 


178 


.7 


15 


.46 


46 


22 


19 


.0 


240 


31 


4.6 


2.8 


242 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


80 


56 


.7 


16 


.20 


48 


26 


11 


.0 


242 


29 


3.7 


3.5 


260 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


75 


69 


.9 


9.6 


.32 


51 


36 


6.9 


.0 


269 


29 


2.4 


5.0 


280 


May 1 


May 


10 


55 


54 


1.0 


16 


.13 


51 


21 


9.8 


.0 


282 


29 


6.0 


3.0 


294 


May 11 


May 


20 






























May 21 


May 


31 


""285 


"277 


"°'i.'6 


' "9." 6 


""."is 


"""56 


'""29 


"'ii'" 


"".'6 


'"262 


""29 


"'3."8 


""'3."5 


"260 


June 1 


June 


10 


385 


606 


.7 


13 


.57 


50 


28 


9.7 


.0 


267 


27 


3.7 


3.3 


271 


June 11 


June 


20 


200 


233 


1.1 


14 


.32 


62 


31 


10 


.0 


289 


21 


5.0 


3.0 


299 


June 21 


June 


30 


220 


127 


.6 


18 


.25 


62 


29 


10 


.0 


314 


22 


3.6 


5.0 


287 


July 1 


July 


10 


475 


481 


1.0 


13 


.30 


52 


24 


6.6 


.0 


277 


19 


5.0 


3.0 


253 


July 11 


July 


20 


500 


969 


1.9 


17 


.14 


52 


21 


7.3 


.0 


248 


21 


2.6 


3.5 


244 


July 21 


July 


31 


618 


608 
236 


1.0 


24 


.19 


53 


25 


10 


.0 


255 


18 


1.7 


5.0 


255 


Mean. . 


229 


1.2 


15 


.31 


49 


27 


12 


.0 


263 


25 


3.8 


5.5 


267 


Per ct. 


of anhy- 






























drous 


5 resldi 


le... 








5.6 


a. 2 


18.3 


10.1 


4.5 


48.4 




9.4 


1.4 


2.1 

















o FejOj. 



68 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 25. — Mineral analyses of water from Kankakee River near Kankakee, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(1906-7). 


3 


s 

o 

Pa 
xn 

3 
02 


.2 ^ 

"o 


O 
m 

i 


C 
o 

1— 1 


O 

S 

D 

o 


■bio 

3 

1 


li 


^ . 

03O 

3 *^^ 
o 


IS 

HI m 
(-( 

o 


o 

■-J. 
C3--^ 

ft 
•3 


.2 

"S^ 

5 


O 

a 
o 

o 


03 

CO 


From— 


To— 


-3 
O 


Aug. 4 
Aug. 11 
Aug. 21 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 10 
Sept. 20 
Oct. 1 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 21 
Oct. 30 
Nov. 9 
Nov. 20 
Dec. 1 


Aug. 10 
Aug. 18 
Aug. 30 
Sept. 9 
Sept. 19 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 8 
Oct. 19 
Oct. 29 
Nov. 8 
Nov. 19 
Nov. 30 
Dec. 10 
Dec. 14 
Dec. 30 
Jan. 9 
Jan. 12 
Jan. 25 
Feb. 7 
Feb. 18 
Feb. 28 
Mar. 10 
Mar. 20 
Mar. 31 
Apr. 10 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 30 
May 10 
May 20 
May 31 
June 10 
June 20 
June 30 
July 10 
July 20 
July 31 


30 

40 

70 

50 

10.0 

30 

50 

20 

30 

10.0 

30 

20 


13 

7.6 
28 
26 
16 
13 
40 
14 
19 

4.5 
18 
19 


0.4 
.2 
.4 
.5 

1.5 
.4 
.8 
.7 
.6 
.4 
.6 

1.0 


22 
16 
21 
17 
14 
12 
16 
11 
15 
17 
11 
16 


0.20 
.10 
.07 
.14 
.12 
.15 
.06 
.04 
.06 
.03 
.04 
.05 


58 
56 
54 
57 
55 
58 
58 
61 
63 
64 
55 
61 


21 
20 
21 
24 

27 
18 
22 

"'"'27 
24 
16 
23 


18 
8.5 
17 
14 
12 
16 
16 
12 
17 
13 
10 
22 


0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


218 
213 
218 
201 
226 
226 
225 
250 
262 
263 
219 
203 


69 
53 
57 
52 
56 
38 
53 
60 
63 
62 
74 
83 


4.0 
3.0 
3.5 
2.0 
0.6 
1.8 
2.0 
1.7 
1.0 
0.6 
4.0 
8.0 


4.7 
5.5 
3.5 
4.5 
5.0 
5.5 
5.0 
6.0 
8.0 
4.8 
6.5 
6.0 


329 
273 
326 
283 
289 
286 
285 
300 
302 
306 
295 
314 


Dec. 11 
Dec. 21 


10.0 


19 


1.9 


17 


.34 


55 


31 


25 


.0 


180 


90 


8.0 


10 


312 


Dec. 31 






























Jan. 12 
Jan. 13 


50 


38 


.8 


19 


.44 


42 


16 


11 


.0 


169 


65 


8.0 


4.2 


253 


Jan. 26 






























Feb. 8 






























Feb. 19 
Mar. 1 
Mar. 11 
Mar. 21 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 11 
Apr. 21 
May 1 
May 11 
May 21 
June 1 
June 11 
June 21 
July- 1 
July 11 
July 21 


20 
25 

160 

190 
30 
12 
15 
90 
25 
30 
80 
35 

110 
45 

138 
60 


34 
6.5 

49 
108 

21 
6.4 

12 

43 

16 

29 

73 

28 
102 

43 
103 

44 


1.7 
.3 
.3 
.6 
.7 
.5 
.8 
.5 
.6 

1.0 
.9 
.8 
.9 

1.0 
.7 
.8 


15 

10 

15 

19 

16 

12 

11 

10 
7.2 
8.4 

19 
8.8 

19 

15 

16 

17 


.19 
.36 
.39 
.46 
.61 
.41 
.30 
.25 
.20 
.34 
.68 
.22 
.45 
.32 
.74 
.34 


56 
52 
55 
58 
45 
51 
63 
51 
54 
61 
58 
70 
76 
71 
52 
69 


16 
20 
18 
17 
16 
17 
27 
17 
22 
23 
21 
19 
23 
25 
18 
25 


11 

14 

11 

11 

12 
8.7 
9.3 
9.3 
9.0 

10 

11 
9.6 
6.8 
8.2 
5.5 
8.7 


.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


195 
185 
190 
195 
181 
188 
218 
183 
202 
219 
210 
223 
273 
258 
198 
253 


68 
71 
73 
61 
43 
42 
65 
53 
55 
58 
58 
40 
42 
46 
34 
46 


3.2 
4.0 
4.6 
4.0 
4.0 
3.6 
2.4 
8.8 
6.2 
3.2 
7.2 
4.0 
3.2 
3.5 
6.8 
6.6 


5.5 
3.3 
3.0 
4.0 
4.2 
3.5 
3.5 
4.0 
4.0 
3.5 
3.0 
4.5 
3.0 
3.0 
2.5 
4.0 


293 
266 
304 
286 
247 
220 
293 
255 
285 
310 
289 
293 
299 
312 
237 
294 


Mean. . 


50 


32 


.7 


15 
5.4 


.27 
o.l 


58 
20.8 


21 
7.5 


12 
4.3 


.0 
38.1 


215 


57 
20.5 


4.1 
1.5 


4.9 
1.8 


288 


Per ct. 
drou. 


of anhy- 
5 residue... 















o FejOg. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



69 



Table 26. — Mineral analyses of loater from Fox River near Elgin, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(1906-7). 



From— 



Aug. 3 
Aug. 11 
Aug. 21 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 11 
Sept. 20 
Sept. 30 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 20 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 9 
Nov. 20 
Dec. 1 
Dec. 11 
Dec. 21 
Jan. 1 
Jan. 11 
Jan. 21 
Feb. 1 
Feb. 10 
Feb. 19 
Mar. 1 
Mar. 11 
Mar. 21 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 11 
Apr. 21 
May 1 
May 11 
May 21 
June 1 
June 11 
June 21 
July 1 
July 11 
July 21 



To- 



Aug. 

Aug. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

May 

May 

May 

June 

June 

June 

Julv 

July 

July 



Mean. 
Per ct. of anhy- 
drous residue"! . 



110 
30 
50 
50 
50 
40 
40 
20 
30 
20 
10.0 
15 

10.0 
10.0 
5.0 
40 



50 
15 

7.0 
15 

5.0 
10.0 
25 
25 



25 
20 
35 
55 
35 
80 
80 
50 
55 
35 

34 



0) 


d <u 


TS 


S jH 


fl 


o 


ft 


50 






j3 


o 


CQ 


O 



39 

8.4 
30 

7.0 
31 
30 
20 
15 
21 
10.0 

4.4 
13 

5.2 
24 

9.6 
18 



27 

10.0 
8.4 
9.6 
6.4 
9. 

12 

23 



21 
15 
40 
55 
35 
45 
53 
55 
50 
31 



23 



0.4 
.3 
.6 
.1 
.6 
.8 
.5 
.8 
.7 
.5 
.4 
.9 
.5 
.2 
.2 



.5 

.7 
1.2 

.6 
1.3 
1.0 

.5 
1.0 



1.4 

1.0 

1.0 

.6 

.7 

1.1 

.9 

.9 



26 

15 

10 

12 
9.4 
9.4 
7.0 
5.8 
8.2 

10 
6.0 
8.6 

11 

10 
9.2 

20 



14 
14 
15 
12 
11 
12 
11 
10 



10 
11 
20 
12 
11 
9.2 
16 
12 
12 
17 



12 
4.3 



pR 



0.20 
.10 
.06 
.05 
.20 
.03 
.03 
.08 
.05 
.04 
.03 

..03 
.06 
.13 
.12 
.07 



.64 
.20 
.13 
.13 
.38 
.27 
.15 
.13 



.28 
.12 
.20 
.12 
.19 
.25 
.30 
.15 
.17 
.17 



.15 
o.l 



51 
18.1 



S 



30 
10.6 



C3 






li 

CQ 



11 

10 
19 
17 
14 
10 
11 

7.7 
19 
10 
13 
14 
12 

8.8 
13 
18 



10 
10 

8.4 
14 
13 
10 

7.7 
7.4 



11 

10 
9.0 
5.5 
5.8 
8.4 
5.1 

10 
8.7 
6.6 



11 
3.9 



(SO 



0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 



.0 

46.8 



otd 



283 
240 
252 
291 
260 
273 
254 
270 
300 
316 
310 
300 
300 
309 
365 
309 



188 
250 
231 
220 
232 
245 
235 
256 



267 
247 
292 
234 
247 
265 
272 
275 
272 
273 



268 



ft 

CQ 



38 
13.5 






2.5 
3.4 
3.0 
1.2 
1.8 
2.0 
1.7 
1.2 
0.6 
1.5 
1.2 
3.0 
4.0 
2.5 
3.5 
3.5 



2.5 
3.0 
4.0 
4.0 
2.7 
1.7 
1.5 
1.7 



2.4 
2.5 
2.6 
2.0 
2.5 
1.5 
3.5 
2.0 
2.7 
2.0 



2.4 
0.9 



O 



O 



6.0 

4.7 
7.0 
6.5 



5.0 
6.5 
5.0 
5.5 
7.2 
7.5 
5.5 
7.0 
7.5 
6.5 
5.5 
6.0 



304 
270 
280 
264 
234 
265 
252 
265 
285 
306 
289 
293 
315 
348 
373 
378 



7.0 
6.2 
6.0 
6.5 
4.3 
5.0 



5.2 
1. 



249 
310 
317 
265 
274 
277 
258 
277 



2.3 

4.0 

3.3 

3. 

3.3 

3.5 

3.0 

4.5 

2.5 

3.3 



292 
304 
329 
273 
292 
281 
308 
291 
284 
269 



290 



a Fe208. 



^70 



QUALITY OF SXJEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 27. — Mineral anahjses of water from Fox River near Ottawa, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 













i 










^ 


[0 


^ 
"o 




[0 






Date 
(1906-7). 






-*-3 

ft 


1 


O 
o 


f5 


O 


a 




C3 



X2 


1 


S . 

C3^ 

ft 


'3 

C3C- 





02 








'S 


From — 


To- 


_ 


S 


B 


o 




o 


-1 


^ 
^ 


-g-s 


03 


■." 


3 


•'-' 


3 











&H 


cc 


O 


m 


1— 1 


o 


CQ 





s 


02 


:z; 





en 


Aug. 2 


Aug. 


10 


135 


91 


0.7 


13 


0.15 


47 


35 


20 


0.0 


278 


45 


3.0 


12 


335 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


345 


237 


.7 


13 


.14 


41 


34 


20 


.0 


246 


50 


3.3 


16 


293 


Aug. 21 
Aug. 31 


Aug. 


30 






























Sept. 


9 


ios"' 


'78" 


'.7 


'"5.'6 


"".'07 


""45 


""39 


"17" 


"'.'6 




257 


'"'43 


"'2.' 7 


"'g.'s 


'298 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


40 


63 


1.6 


6.1 


.10 


43 


32 


18 


.0 


275 


50 


2.4 


12 


288 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


30 


54 


1.8 


6.8 


.09 


49 


36 


10.0 


.0 


261 


43 


2.5 


10 


287 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


9 


155 


123 


.8 


9.4 


.06 


55 


31 


19 


.0 


254 


53 


5.0 


8.0 


307 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 


19 


20 


14 


.7 


4.2 


.07 


55 


36 


15 


.0 


290 


61 


2.0 


11 


334 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


28 


10.0 


7.0 


.7 


7.2 


.06 


60 


39 


21 


.0 


320 


60 


1.0 


12 


349 


Oct. 30 


Nov. 


8 


20 


6.0 


.3 


8.6 


.06 


60 


39 


17 


.0 


330 


54 


1.5 


8.0 


351 


Nov. 9 


Nov. 


19 


10.0 


3.4 


.3 


4.6 


.02 


60 


40 


10 


.0 


320 


56 


0.6 


9.0 


332 


Nov. 21 


Nov 


30 


40 


42 


1.0 


12 


.07 


67 


37 


13 


.0 


298 


72 


6.0 


7.0 


348 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


9 


20 


19 


1.0 


11 


.11 


65 


36 


9.5 


.0 


315 


68 


3.0 


7.5 


357 


Dec. 12 


Dec. 


20 


15 


16 


1.0 


9.2 


.19 


72 


39 


12 


.0 


311 


75 


6.5 


8.3 


376 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


40 


54 


1.4 


13 


.16 


71 


40 


15 


.0 


351 


82 


5.5 


8.7 


409 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 
Jan. 


10 
20 






























Jan. 11 


sio" 


24i" 


.'8 


'3i" 


"Mo 


""52 


""25 


"is" 


".'6 


"'238 


""58 


"'s.'o 


"'5."6 


'305 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


30 


40 


23 


.6 


21 


.40 


46 


23 


16 


.0 


204 


49 


7.0 


5.0 


273 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


9 


10.0 


10.0 


1.0 


7.8 


.09 


58 


31 


13 


.0 


251 


64 


5.5 


6.5 


334 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


7.0 


8.0 


1.1 


16 


.15 


59 


31 


12 


.0 


268 


57 


6.5 


7.5 


329 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


5.0 


11 


2.2 


12 


.05 


63 


24 


15 


.0 


244 


70 


4.6 


8.2 


319 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


50 


73 


1.5 


8.8 


.09 


60 


29 


16 


.0 


230 


78 


5.4 


6.0 


372 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


30 


48 


1.6 


11 


.22 


64 


29 


8.2 


.0 


262 


80 


4.0 


13 


322 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


10.0 


43 


4.3 


8.0 


.15 


61 


18 


15 


.0 


250 


71 


6.0 


8.2 336 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


30 


36 


1.2 


12 


.19 


63 


30 


9.3 


.0 


257 


69 


6.0 


3.31 331 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


20 


13 


1.6 


21 


.92 


62 


23 


35 


.0 


276 


66 


5.0 


5.0 


367 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


31 


15 


15 


1.0 


7.0 


.22 


60 


29 


9.3 


.0 


264 


56 


3.8 


5.0 


314 


May 1 


May 


10 


15 


15 


1.0 


8.2 


.17 


62 


22 


17 


.0 


287 


63 


4.0 


6.0 


343 


May 11 


May 


20 


15 


35 


2.3 


9.4 


.43 


58 


26 


8.7 


.0 


284 


54 


4.0 


5.0 


344 


May 21 


May- 


31 


200 


197 


1.0 


16 


.32 


66 


36 


14 


.0 


...-.- 


55 


5.0 


3.8 


360 


Jiine 1 


June 


10 


90 


81 


.9 


11 


.28 


61 


31 


12 


.0 


257 


63 


8.8 


6.0 


326 


June 11 


Jiuie 


20 


95 


93 


1.0 


8.8 


.26 


67 


31 


8.4 


.0 


272 


50 


3.0 


5.0 


319 


June 21 


June 


30 


218 


125 


.6 


9.2 


.19 


71 


31 


5.5 


.0 


280 


49 


9.0 


5.0 


326 


July 1 


July 


10 


550 


542 


1.0 


16 


.37 


61 


27 


7.9 


.0 


277 


45 


5.0 


5.0 


307 


July 11 


July 


20 


300 


366 


1.2 


17 


.22 


72 


30 


. 8.5 


.0 


286 


60 


10 


6.0 


379 


July 21 


July 


31 


192 
94 


173 


.9 


13 


.38 


85 


38 


9.3 


.0 


287 


95 


12 


14 


416 


Mean. 


87 


1.2 


11 


.20 


60 


32 


14 


.0 


275 


61 


4.9 


7.9 


335 


Per ct. 


of anhy- 




drou; 


5 residi 


le .. 








3.4 


a. I 


18.4 


9.8 


4.3 


41.4 




18.7 


1.5 


2.4 

















a FeaOa. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



71 



Table 28. — Mineral analyses of water from Vermilion River near Streator, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 











a> 


a> 










i . 









2 






Date 
(1906-7). 






B 

T3 




2 

02 


'a? 


1 


"So 




"So 


(-1 ^ 

<V CO 

"SO 




73 





CO 











s 

ft 


'0 


C3 



f3 


*o 


CO 


i| 







ft 




B 




M 








13 


From — 


To- 


_ 


3 


B 


41 



3 


2 


■^ 




1» 


C3 


,0 


3 




s 


^ 








H 


CQ 





W. 


HH 





m 





s 


02 


!^ 





^ 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


40 


22 


0.6 


23 


0.10 


44 


36 


27 


0.0 


248 


72 


2.5 


10 


357 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


30 


16 


.5 


13 


.10 


40 


35 


23 


.0 


247 


74 


2.1 


14 


321 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


50 


29 


.6 


10 


.60 


39 


33 


16 


.0 


198 


64 


2.5 


13 


280 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


60 


48 


.8 


15 


.24 


39 


28 




.0 


165 


57 


2.5 


6.0 


243 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


20 


15 


.8 


9.6 


.14 


36 


28 


"is" 


.0 


198 


56 


1.6 


5.0 


247 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


40 


26 


.6 


11 


.16 


43 


23 


18 


.0 


205 


56 


1 


8.0 


254 


Sept. 31 


Oct. 


9 


50 


38 


.8 


5.8 


.20 


37 


23 


20 


.0 


190 


53 


1 


7 


240 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 


18 


20 


23 


.1 


4.6 


.05 


41 


28 


22 


.0 


212 


66 


1.7 


10 


268 


Oct. 22 


Oct. 


29 


20 


13 


.6 


9.0 


.05 


47 


28 


24 


.0 


260 


60 


1.2 


10 


294 


Oct. 30 


Nov. 


8 


20 


11 


.6 


9.0 


.03 


49 


34 


23 


.0 


213 


69 


.3 


9.3 


309 


Nov. 9 


Nov. 


19 


20 


10 


.5 


11 


.02 


48 


33 


20 


.0 


254 


70 


.3 


10.0 


322 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


60 


36 


.6 


17 


.10 


55 


31 


18 


.0 


260 


64 


7 


9.3 


317 


Dec. 2 


Dec. 


10 


110 


56 


.5 


11 


.17 


61 


30 


23 


.0 


280 


68 


8 


5.5 


333 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


30 


33 


1.1 


15 


.14 


63 


32 


18 


.0 


274 


-69 


16 


4.5 


351 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


20 


23 


1.1 


17 


.12 


67 


34 


21 


.0 


329 


86 


10 


5.7 


397 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


280 


122 


.4 


28 


.52 


56 


28 


30 


.0 


257 


68 


16 


4.0 


367 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


20 


335 


235 


.7 


19 


.72 


55 


26 


14 


.0 


239 


69 


14 


4.7 


340 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


315 


194 


.6 


20 


.36 


46 


20 


13 


.0 


175 


56 


14 


5.7 


285 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


9 


25 


14 


.6 


17 


.17 


69 


33 


18 





278 


83 


16 


7 


402 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


40 


30 


.8 


9.4 


.22 


62 


29 


13 





247 


SO 


IS 


7.7 


359 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


50 


34 


.7 


14 


.09 


57 


29 


21 





238 


74 


17 


6.5 


335 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


100 


64 


.6 


12 


.32 


69 


22 


20 





245 


76 


24 


8.3 


342 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


260 


87 


.3 


19 


.30 


55 


20 


11 





217 


55 


14 


6.5 


335 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


150 


68 


.4 


28 


.22 


57 


22 


22 


.0 


245 


86 


28 


6.5 


363 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


35 


37 


1.0 


19 


.16 


60 


30 


13 


.0 


250 


46 


26 


3.8 


339 


Apr. 11 
Apr. 21 


Apr. 
Apr. 


20 






























30 


' ' '35 


""28 


.'8 


■ '9.'8 


'"'.'i2 


" "62 


" "38 


"'s.'g 


"".6 


"'256 


""77 


"ig" 


"'5.'5 


"333 


May 1 


May 


10 


100 


49 


.5 


16 


.14 


60 


24 


8.7 


.0 


237 


72 


4.8 


4.5 


351 


May 11 
May 21 


May 
May 


20 






























31 


""so 


""78 


""'i.'o 


"ii" 


'".'34 


""62 


""si 


"26" 


"".b 


""247 


" "so 


"22" 


""6."3 


'346 


June 1 


June 


10 


45 


32 


.7 


9.2 


.26 


62 


35 


17 


.0 


255 


70 


28 


4 


356 


June 11 


June 


20 


55 


44 


.8 


9.4 


.08 


74 


37 


12 


.0 


276 


76 


20 


4 


368 


June 21 


June 


30 


85 


79 


.9 


13 


.21 


70 


29 


14 


.0 


262 


66 


14 


5 


329 


July 1 


July 


10 


420 


415 


1.0 


16 


.25 


61 


25 


16 


.0 


241 


69 


13 


6 


326 


July 11 


July 


20 


560 


570 


1.0 


19 


.50 


50 


21 


10 


.0 


200 


50 


12 


5 


273 


July 21 


July 


31 


70 


63 


.9 


20 


.22 


78 


37 


12 


.0 


300 


70 


20 


6.5 


388 


Mean . 


107 


78 


.7 


14 


.22 


55 


29 


18 


.0 


241 


68 


12 


6.9 


325 


Per ct 


of anhy- 




drous 


residu 


e 








4.4 


0.1 


17.1 


9.0 


5.6 


36.9 




21.1 


3.7 


2.1 

















a FegOs. 



72 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 29. — Mineral analyses of water from Sangamon River near Decatur, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 









C 


i 










U3 


9 


<» 


_© 


® 












tu 


fl 








,^ 


03 . 


"o 


CJ 


"o 







Date 
(1906-7). 






0) 
CI 
ft 





.2 ^ 


1 





m 

03 


2 


'5" 


Is 


'ot 


ftW 

la 


03 

<»o 

"caO 


1 


(B =0 

CO 




03 

03"—' 

ft 
3 


ceo 
u 

+3 


6 

C 





w 




'S 

bCOJ 


From — 


To— 


03 








^ 


02 





m 


t— I 





m 





m 


CQ 


^ 





H 


% 


Aug 1 


Aug. 


10 


240 


107 


0.4 


26 


0.2 


46 


21 


13 


0.0 


223 


20 


4.5 


8.2 


262 




Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


260 


121 


.5 


20 


.2 


46 


20 


48.8 


.0 


214 


23 


4.8 


3.5 


233!.... 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


270 


106 


.5 


18 


.06 


53 


22 


8.5 


.0 


235 


25 


4.0 


2.7 


264 




Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


117 


51 


.4 


17 


.09 


61 


27 


13 


.0 


305 


26 


4.0 


4.5 


297 




Sept. 10 
Sept. 21 


Sept. 


19 
































Sept. 


29 


'""76 


'"43 


"".'6 


■"is 


'".'63 


"" "55 


"'"24 


'"is"" 


"'"."6 


"sis 


""22 


"2." 5 


"16 " 


"362 


.... 


Oct. 1 


Oct. 


9 


60 


40 


.7 


12 


.05 


54 


30 


15 


.0 


283 


26 


3.0 


5.5 


286 




Oct. 10 


Oct. 


19 


20 


13 


.6 


10 


.15 


53 


30 


21 


.0 


297 


27 


2.5 


5.0 


275!.... 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


29 


50 


33 


.7 


11 


.06 


64 


35 


20 


.0 


353 


21 


1.0 


9.0 


332'.... 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 


8 


30 


19 


.6 


15 


.10 


67 


44 


19 


.0 


380 


33 


1.0 


7.8 


338 




Nov. 9 


Nov. 


17 


20 


13 


.6 


11 


.02 


50 


28 


16 


.0 


360 


25 


0.9 


8.5 


324 




Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


168 


104 


.6 


16 


.14 


52 


25 


12 


.0 


240 


39 


8.0 


3.5 


274 




Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


196 


110 


.6 


17 


.40 


51 


28 


13 


.0 


278 


37 


7.0 


5.5 


283 




Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


30 


27 


.9 


29 


.16 


58 


30 


21 


.0 


285 


36 


6.0 


5.5 


316 




Dec. 22 


Dec. 


31 


25 


31 


1.2 


15 


.28 


62 


30 


12 


.0 


314 


42 


8.0 


7.0 


332 




Jan. 1 


Jan. 
Jan. 


10 
20 






























'k'.h 


Jan. 11 


"246 


"i44 


""".'6 


""36 


'".'74 


""45 


'""26 


"i7" 


"".'6 


"227 


'"'64 


"i'.b 


"'3.' 5 


"29i;io.'o 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


220 


85 


.4 


40 


1.9 


42 


18 


15 


.0 


180 


42 


8.0 


5.5 


279! 12. 2 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


8 


20 


20 


1.0 


23 


.13 


59 


28 


15 


.0 


290 


43 


12 


5.2 


319 


6.9 


Feb. 11 


Feb. 


18 


25 


22 


.9 


22 


.07 


59 


22 


15 


.0 


231 


40 


10 


8.0 


317 


6.0 


Feb. 20 


Feb. 


27 


20 


22 


1.0 


21 


.16 


60 


27 


15 


.0 


290 


37 


8.0 


6.5 


317 


6.0 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


20 


19 


1.0 


14 


.15 


57 


29 


15 


.0 





40 


14 


5.0 


325 


5.9 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


410 


336 


.8 


30 


.30 


45 


20 


14 


.0 


i92 


32 


8.0 


5.5 


210 


10.6 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


100 


43 


.4 


20 


.22 


53 


27 


15 


.0 


267 


45 


12 


4.5 


305 


7.5 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


40 


36 


.9 


18 


.19 


58 


26 


11 


.0 


268 


42 


14 


7.3 


287 


6.9 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


10 


10 


1.0 


15 


.23 


47 


18 


11 


.0 


252 


42 


..... 


4.5 


292 


5.7 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


30 


26 


.9 


13 


.25 


55 


32 


9.5 


.0 


265 


46 




3.2 


286 


5.5 


May 1 


May 


10 


100 


62 


.6 


17 


.18 


55 


24 


9.8 


.0 


247 


40 


IS 


5.5 


292 


6.4 


May 11 


May 


20 


60 


49 


.8 


12 


.15 


54 


28 


12 


.0 


271 


38 


19 


5.5 


288 


6.2 


May 21 


May 


31 


140 


128 


.9 


19 


.46 


64 


30 


9.8 


.0 




37 


12 


3.7 


330 


8.6 


June 1 


June 


10 


95 


88 


.9 


16 


.30 


53 


24 


14 


.0 




23 


20 


4.3 


292 


8.4 


June 11 


June 
June 


20 
30 






























7.6 


June 21 


"346 


"3i8 


"'".'9 


■"i9 


'".'60 


"'"54 


"""2! 


"'7.'7 


' ".'6 


"2i8 


'"26 


il" 


'"i'o 


"246 


7.3 


July 1 


July 


10 


90 


63 


.7 


20 


.16 


71 


28 


10 


.0 


287 


29 


9.0 


5.0 


334 


5.8 


July 11 


July 


20 


425 


435 


1.0 


18 


.56 


47 


16 


8.2 


.0 


197 


22 


7.0 


4.0 


230 


7.4 


July 21 July 


31 


210 


156 


.7 


21 


.32 


63 


24 


17 


.0 


280 


45 


12 


4.3 


326 


7.4 


Mean.. 
Per ct. 




126 


87 


. 7 


19 


.27 


55 


26 


14 


.0 


268 


35 


8.5 


5.4 


293 




of anhy- 




drous rpsidne.. 








6.4 


a.\ 


18.7 


8.8 


4.7 


44.7 




11.9 


2.9 


1.8 























oFeaOs. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



73 



Table 30, — Mineral analyses of water from Sangamon River near Springfield, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 













i 










^ . 






[0 


a; 






Date 
(1906-7). 




J3 


4-> 

a 

PI 

ft 


'0 






03 


"a? 

s 



1 


i 

'to 
1 


ft« 

li 





Id 

,0 


'3 
-3 


'i 





CO 

2 

1 


From — 


To- 




"3 









H 


OQ 





m 


M 





02 





s 


CQ 


iz; 





H 


Aug. — 


Aug. 


10 


180 


64 


0.4 


17 


0.10 


44 


24 


19 


0.0 




27 


4.0 


9.7 


275 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


248 


122 


.5 


18 


.80 


36 


18 


13 


.0 


"""i92 


24 


4.2 


5.2 


222 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


320 


123 


.4 


17 


1.40 


41 


24 


16 


.0 


192 


26 


4.0 


8.5 


228 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


163 


77 


.5 


20 


.15 


51 


28 


4.9 


.0 


203 


34 


3.0 


7.0 


284 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


70 


39 


.6 


12 


.50 


48 


22 


17 


.0 


294 


28 


2.8 


10 


271 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


30 


22 


.7 


9.6 


.05 


44 


23 


16 


.0 


225 


24 


1.3 


8.5 


223 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


6 


100 


45 


.4 


9.4 


.10 


51 


24 


15 


.0 


250 


36 


2.0 


14 


272 


Oct. 11 


Oct. 


19 


40 


17 


.5 


21 


.10 


47 


28 


25 


.0 


289 


33 


2.0 


8.5 


277 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


28 


20 


6.6 


.3 


9.6 


.05 


57 


33 


20 


.0 


307 


33 


0.20 


10 


291 


Oct. 30 


Nov. 


8 


10.0 


4.6 


.5 


19 


.05 


59 


29 


19 


.0 


315 


36 


0.10 


11 


311 


Nov. 11 


Nov. 


19 


20 


5.2 


.3 


7.2 


.10 


62 


32 


14 


.0 


320 


36 


0.30 


13 


315 


Nov. 21 


Nov. 


30 


182 


122 


.7 


19 


.06 


50 


25 


17 


.0 


256 


36 


2.0 


7.5 


267 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


168 


87 


.5 


21 


.40 


53 


25 


15 


.0 


270 


37 


3.0 


8.0 


274 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


80 


54 


.7 


13 


.20 


55 


17 


16 


.0 


263 


37 


5.0 


5.5 


278 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


20 


36 


1.8 


30 


2.8 


55 


29 


27 


.0 


301 


51 


7.0 


6.5 


319 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 
Jan. 


10 
19 






























Jan. 11 


"so" 


"67*" 


'.8 


'22"" 


'"."26 


""47 


""""2i 


""is" 


'"".'6 


" " "257 


"'"'32 


"o.'io 


"'8.'7 


"296 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


280 


62 


.2 


16 


.50 


32 


14 


13 


.0 


137 


28 


5.0 


6.2 


193 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


9 


20 


40 


2.0 


20 


.15 


47 


23 


17 


.0 


238 


40 


0.10 


7.5 


273 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


10.0 


11 


1.1 


14 


.20 


54 


26 


16 


.0 


257 


46 


11 


8.5 


293 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


30 


24 


.8 


16 


.09 


58 


26 


16 


.0 


274 


40 


6.5 


8.5 


305 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


50 


46 


.9 


12 


.17 


44 


21 


14 


.0 


213 


35 


3.0 


5.0 


243 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


10.0 


11 


1.1 


12 


.15 


56 


18 


11 


.0 


264 


43 


10 


7.0 


275 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


10.0 


11 


1.1 


13 


.11 


58 


24 


14 


.0 


247 


49 


4.0 


3.8 


279 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


8.0 


10.0 


1.2 


18 


.19 


58 


25 


12 


.0 


267 


36 


2.3 


4.5 


288 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


5.0 


3.6 


.7 


13 


.23 


56 


26 


13 


.0 


266 


46 


1.4 


5.0 


296 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


14 


11 


.8 


11 


.19 


58 


34 


9.3 


.0 


271 


44 


3.4 


5.5 


289 


May 1 


May 


10 


25 


22 


.9 


13 


.12 


53 


20 


12 


.0 


257 


47 


4.4 


5.0 


299 


May 11 


May 


20 


12 


11 


.9 


14 


.15 


54 


22 


18 


.0 


268 


43 


5.0 


6.3 


289 


May 21 


May 


31 


5.0 


6.0 


1.2 


12 


.13 


58 


26 


16 


.0 




43 


2.8 


4.3 


292 


Jinie 1 


June 
June 
June 
July 


10 
20 
30 
10 






























June 11 






























June 21 






























July 1 






























July 11 


July 
July 


20 
31 






























July 21 


"26" 


'22'" 


"""i.'i 


'19" 


"""."28 


""'"64 


""'"25 


"is" 


""."6 


"""276 


""""38 


""i."6" 


-5:6 


'276 


Mean . 


74 


39 


.8 


16 


.32 


52 


24 


16 


.0 


247 


^7 


^ 4 


7.5 


27fi 


Per ct. 


of anhy- 


















A(i/ 


0* 


0. ^ 




£il \J 


drouE 


residu 


e . . 








5.8 


0.2 


18.7 


8.6 


5.8 


43.7 




13.3 


1.2 


2.7 

















a Fe-iO . 



74 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 31. — Mineral analyses of water from Sangamon River near Chandlerville, III. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 











§ 










i . 




® 


© 


a? 








Date 




C3 


a 








'So 


a? 


'i 


1 ■ 


'i 


'i 






to 

'S 
xi . 


(1906-7) 


^ 




"3 














so 


OM 


0)^ 


t-c . 











'3 
2 


ft 


.2 ^ 


1 


m 







a 
"0 




Ii 


C30 



,0 


ft 


TO v_^ 

4^ 


a 
•c 




"3 








§ 


From — 


To- 


D 


3 


0) 




3 


2 


-S 


03 


3" 


^ 





3 


•-^ 


S 


-M 



<U 






^ 


OQ 





OQ 


^-^ 





'^ 


CQ 





s 


CQ 


!z; 





&H 


S 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 10 


125 


81 


0.6 


18 


0.20 


54 


26 


23 


0.0 


290 


25 


1.7 


8.8 


293 


3.7 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 20 


115 


187 


.6 


17 


.50 


39 


22 


11 


.0 


182 


26 


3.4 


5.5 


231 


4.6 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 30 


330 


170 


.5 


15 


.07 


43 


19 


18 


.0 


193 


31 


4.0 


5.0 


232 


4.2 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 9 


300 


163 


.5 


18 


.09 


50 


24 


7.4 


.0 


236 


26 


2.7 


6.5 


247 


3.6 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 19 


160 


116 


.7 


20 


.18 


53 


33 


13 


.0 


320 


32 


2.0 


7.0 


317 


2.7 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 23 


140 


105 


.8 


17 


.06 


51 


27 


16 


.0 


325 


28 


2.1 


12 


318 


2.3 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 9 


110 


92 


.8 


14 


.04 


56 


33 


20 


.0 


287 


30 


1.7 


9.5 


287 


2.7 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 13 


50 


52 


1.0 


14 


.04 


56 


32 


31 


.0 


295 


33 


1.5 


13 


295 


2.7 


Oct. 24 


Oct. 29 
Nov. 8 


















.0 
.0 












2.3 


Nov. 1 


""26 


ii* 


'""."6 


'12" 


'"."63 


"'"66 


'33'" 


"26" 


"363 


"'39 


"i.'o 


"ii" 


"346 


2.7 


Nov. 9 


Nov. 18 


40 


32 


.8 


7.2 


.01 


64 


32 


16 


.0 


345 


32 


0.5 


12 


310 


1.9 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 30 
Dec. 10 


















.0 
.0 












3.2 


Dec. 1 


"'276 


i64"' 


""'.'& 


'20"' 


".'io 


'""49 


'24'" 


"27" 


"260 


"'42 


' 'e.'o 


"i2" 


"266 


4.4 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 20 


160 


94 


.6 


16 


.22 


55 


27 


13 


.0 


252 


37 


4.0 


7.0 


294 


10.5 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 31 


113 


149 


1.3 


13 


.72 


58 


28 


14 


.0 


283 


41 


4.0 


9.0 


296 


9.3 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 10 


155 


83 


.5 


24 


.49 


55 


32 


18 


.0 


306 


38 


8.0 


7.5 


318 


10.7 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 20 


90 


73 


.8 


22 


.40 


51 


23 


15 


.0 


260 


44 


6.0 


6.5 


309 


11.5 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 31 


225 


99 


.4 


23 


2.6 


25 


7.6 


7.9 


.0 


105 


24 


5.0 


5.5 


184 


15.5 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 9 


50 


9.0 


.2 


15 


.36 


52 


25 


16 


.0 


234 


36 


5.5 


6.0 


272 


12.8 


Feb. 11 


Feb. 18 


45 


22 


.5 


17 


.19 


53 


24 


14 


.0 


252 


42 


6.5 


8.2 


279 


10.5 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 28 


20 


17 


.8 


9.8 


.15 


52 


24 


14 


.0 


247 


38 


6.0 


6.7 


283 


9.9 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 10 


30 


28 


.9 


10 


.16 


57 


25 


8.8 


.0 


237 


51 


5.0 


8.0 


266 


8.5 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 20 
Mar. 31 






























6.5 


Mar. 21 


"iso 


126'" 


"".7 


"ie" 


".'56 


"'56 


'24" 


""io.'o 


"".'6 


"239 


"'46 


"e.'o 


""a 5 


"274 


11.6 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 10 


130 


95 


.7 


14 


.22 


49 


23 


11 


.0 


237 


43 


20 


7.0 


265 


10.4 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 20 


60 


39 


.6 


16 


.11 


45 


22 


11 


.0 


274 


40 


6.8 


7.0 


309 


8.4 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 30 


80 


60 


.8 


10 


.61 


55 


30 


13 


.0 


245 


43 


9.2 


7.5 


294 


7.3 


May 1 


May 10 


120 


80 


.7 


12 


.11 


53 


27 


10.0 


.0 


242 


40 


10 


8.3 


279 


9.3 


May 11 


May 20 


124100 


.8 


10 


.23 


56 


27 


12 


.0 


252 


40 


10 


7.3 


316 


9.0 


May 21 


May 31 


200180 


.9 


11 


.80 


53 


27 


16 


.0 


230 


43 


13 


6.3 


295 


9.3 


June 1 


June 10 


204114 


.6 


18 


.16 


49 


26 


16 


.0 


235 


34 


9.2 


6.0 


302 


10.1 


June 11 


June 20 


170jl06 


.6 


14 


.30 


57 


24 


12 


.0 


234 


35 


9.0 


5.0 


298 


11.0 


June 21 


June 30 


350 215 


.6 


16 


.15 


62 


20 


20 


.0 


265 


36 


6.2 


6.5 


286 


8.9 


July 1 


July 10 


10 4.2 


.4 


16 


.21 


63 


25 


15 


.0 


270 


28 


16 


6.0 


293 


7.3 


July 11 


July 20 


450 333 


.7 


14 


.09 


60 


20 


10.0 


.0 


229 


28 


6.2 


5.0 


259 


10.4 


July 21 


July 31 


248164 


.7 


18 


.38 


43 


17 


11 


.0 


182 


27 


3.8 


4.5 


213 


11.1 


Mean . 


154 


102 


.7 


15 


.32 


52 


25 


15 


.0 


255 


36 


6.1 


7.6 


282 




Per ct. 


of anhy- 




drouj 


5 residue.. 








5.3 


a .2 


18.4 


8.8 


5.3 


44.4 




12.7 


2.2 


2.7 





















a FeuOs. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



15 



Table 32. — Mineral analyses of water from Illinois River near Lasalle, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 























c3 . 




[0 










Date 

(1906-7). 




is 

u 

3 


-1-3 




B 






1 




'0 
"3 


'bJo 
'co 

1 


+3 ^-s 

11 


'i 

so 



03 


-3 

C3 

otri 

c3 



si 

3 


03 


6 

a; 



CO 


From— 


To- 













Eh 


02 





QQ 





M 





S 


02 


^ 





Eh 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


70 


36 


0.5 


14 


0.50 


33 


18 


22 


0.0 


174 


41 


7.0 


28 


265 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


50 


25 


.5 


19 


.10 


39 


18 


17 


.0 


170 


28 


6.0 


20 


262 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


235 


113 


.5 


25 


.05 


38 


19 


20 


.0 


172 


34 


1.0 


18 


252 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


50 


33 


.7 


10 


.03 


39 


24 


8.0 


.0 


169 


30 


3.0 


17 


235 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


50 


32 


.6 


8.4 


.30 


39 


18 


IS 


.0 


• 171 


32 


5.0 


18 


221 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


110 


71 


.6 


6.8 


.07 


42 


17 


12 


.0 


175 


39 


7.0 


21 


241 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


9 


290 


162 


.6 


13 


.20 


50 




18 


.0 


180 


49 


7.0 


19 


284 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 


19 


60 


30 


.5 


6.8 


.09 


45 


"'"23 


18 


.0 


200 


43 


3.5 


7.5 


260 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


28 


40 


35 


.9 


9.8 


.04 


51 


22 


21 


.0 


220 


45 


4.0 


19 


268 


Oct. 30 


Nov. 


8 


40 


25 


.6 


7.8 


.02 


51 


23 


24 


.0 


240 


53 


6.0 


16 


275 


Nov. 9 


Nov. 


19 


30 


20 


.7 


10 


.12 


63 


29 


25 


.0 


224 


64 


4.0 


18 


276 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


100 


75 


.8 


10 


.06 


57 


26 


17 


.0 


210 


66 


6.0 


13 


300 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


120 


83 


.7 


13 


.12 


54 


27 


15 


.0 


219 


72 


7.0 


14 


320 


Dee. 11 


Dec. 


20 


128 


72 


.6 


13 


.32 


51 


24 


16 


.0 


195 


■ 62 


6.0 


11 


284 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


174 


166 


1.0 


10 


.12 


53 


26 


17 


.0 


210 


64 


7.0 


12 


311 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


206 


155 


.8 


15 


.10 


52 


23 


17 


.0 


220 


68 


9.0 


9.7 


296 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


20 


248 


250 


1.0 


18 


.36 


51 


21 


11 


.0 


206 


56 


8.0 


9.2 


298 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 
Feb. 


31 
9 


















.0 
.0 












Feb. 1 


'"'is 


'"15 


""i.'o 


""5."6 


'".'28 


""52 


' " ■ "26 


"i3" 


'"266 


""53 


"'8.' 6 


...... 


'289 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


10 


11 


1.1 


11 


.08 


53 


22 


17 


.0 


214 


51 


6.S 


16 


311 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


30 


22 


.7 


8.0 


.13 


48 


20 


14 


.0 


195 


50 


7.0 


13 


273 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 
Mar. 


10 
20 






























Mar. 11 


"ioo 


'"92 


."9 


'is'" 


'".'22 


" "si 


""26 


"i9" 


'".'6 


"'i98 


"""55 


"'3.' 2 


"io.'o 


'257 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


150 


144 


1.0 


12 


.26 


46 


19 


12 


.0 


205 


57 


10. 


9.0 


272 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


105 


168 


1.6 


18 


.38 


SO 


20 


13 


.0 


205 


73 


6.8 


7.0 


299 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


40 


28 


.7 


12 


.15 


56 


27 


16 


.0 


215 


78 


7.0 


6.5 


344 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


35 


30 


.8 


9.4 


.20 


54 


27 


10 


.0 


207 


52 


4.6 


10 


266 


May 1 


May 


10 


100 


63 


.6 


11 


.31 


50 


18 


12 


.0 


208 


52 


12 


9.8 


272 


May 11 


May 


20 


48 


48 


1.0 


6.0 


.80 


52 


19 


18 


.0 


185 


48 


14 


14 


300 


May 21 


May 


31 


230 


225 


1.0 


8.0 


.27 


54 


22 


9.5 


.0 


208 


49 


9.6 


8.5 


279 


June 1 


June 


10 


95 


70 


.7 


13 


.38 


51 


19 


10.0 


.0 


213 


38 


14 


8.3 


307 


June 11 


June 


20 


280 


340 


1.2 


9.6 


.38 


59 


22 


12 


.0 


227 


31 


0.3 


3.0 


276 


June 21 


June 


30 


161 


110 


.7 


16 


.50 


60 


24 


14 


.0 


233 


37 


3.6 


10 


276 


July 1 


July 


10 


1,610 


1,556 


1.0 


18 


.15 


53 


18 


11 


.0 


197 


47 


6.0 


10 


256 


July 11 


July 


20 


270 


203 


.8 


15 


.18 


S3 


19 


13 


.0 


206 


36 


7.0 


9.0 


255 


July 21 


July 


31 


130 


103 


.8 


15 


.13 


57 


21 


15 


.0 


228 


34 


7.0 


12 


288 


Mean. 


159 


136 


.8 


12 


.21 


50 


22 


16 


.0 


203 


50 


6.6 


13 


278 


Per ct. 


of anhy- 






























drous 


5 residi 


le .o 








4.5 


a .1 


18.6 


8.1 


5.9 


37.0 




18.6 


2.4 


4.8 

















oFeiOs. 



76 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 33. — Mineral analyses of water from Illinois River near Peoria, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(1906-7). 



From — 



Aug. 1 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 10 
Sept. 20 
Sept. 30 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 30 
Nov. 9 
Nov. 20 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Feb. 10 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May- 
May 
June 
June 1 
June 2 
July 
July 1 
July 2 
Feb. 19 



To— 



Aug. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

May 

May 

May 

June 

June 

June 

July 

July 

July 

Feb. 



Mean 

Per ct. of anhy- 
drous residue . 



50 

60 

30 

40 

40 

40 

30 

20 

10.0 

20 

20 

40 

15 

30 

80 
235 
149 

12 

20 

45 

45 

35 

35 

33 

15 

20 

20 

44 

30 

60 

30 

60 

23 

25 



43 



25 
29 
36 
21 
26 
20 
20 

9.4 
11 
17 
16 
41 
13 
22 
40 
73 
63 

7.6 
10.0 
36 
22 
26 
20 
26 
13 
21 
22 
25 
19 
31 
26 
50 
19 



26 






56 



o 



0.5 
.5 

1.2 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.7 
.5 

1.1 



1.0 
.9 
.7 
.5 
.3 
.4 
.6 
.5 



.9 
1.0 
1.0 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.9 
.8 



.8 



13 
12 
20 

6.4 

8.4 

9.8 

8 
14 

6.4 

8, 
10 
11 
17 
20 
21 
12 
14 
11 
10 
14 

6.6 
13 
13 
10 

7.4 
10 
14 

8.6 

8.0 

8. 
11 
13 
14 
11 



P^ 



0.10 
.20 
.14 
.10 
.03 
.04 
.02 
.06 
.03 
.08 
.11 
.28 
.14 
.20 
.64 



1.3 

.49 
.11 
.22 
.25 
.26 
.15 
.14 
.16 
.28 
.28 
.12 
.32 
.16 
.12 
.18 
.15 
.07 



12 

4.5 



.21 
a .1 



49 
18.5 






bO 



21 

7.9 



e3 



OK/ 



11 



28 
15 
23 
15 
22 
22 
21 
18 
18 
18 
14 
20 
20 
21 
14 
18 
14 
13 
19 
18 
14 
19 
15 
13 
12 
12 

9.8 
15 
16 
15 
15 

8.7 
14 
18 



17 
6.4 






0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 



.0 
36.7 



orij 



« 



182 
166 
187 
177 
174 
196 
190 
216 
195 
185 
213 
198 
229 
239 
207 
139 
148 
185 
180 
204 
198 
195 
207 
210 
233 
205 
218 
224 



217 
229 
195 
209 
195 



198 






48 
18.1 






10.0 
4.0 
4.0 
5.0 
6.0 
7.0 
4.0 
5.5 
7.0 
7.0 
8.0 

10 

12 
6.0 
7.5 
7.0 

11 

11 
7, 

12 

10 

12 

15 

11 
8.0 
8.8 
9.2 
3.2 
3.0 
8.0 
3.5 
7.2 
6.5 
7.0 



7.8 
2.9 



■^ 

o 

Eh 



27 

20 

19 

20 

22 

20 

18 

20 

21 

18 

15 

13 

12 

12 
8.7 
7.5 
8.0 

11 
9.8 

11 
9.5 
8.8 
7.5 

12 
9.8 
9.5 

10.0 
8.5 

11 

10 

12 

10 
8.5 

13 



266 
245 
260 
222 
249 
279 
233 
264 
250 
259 
310 
293 
294 
310 
309 
223 
242 
275 
279 
275 
272 
272 
304 
271 
276 
289 
283 
277 
290 
272 
270 
257 
257 
275 



13 
4.9 



271 



a FejOs. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



77 



Table 34. — Mineral analyses of water from Illinois River near Kampsville, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 











u 


i 










^ 


.2 


jj 


ca 


_» 






■t-a 
% 

.3 
be (a 

03 OJ 

bo^ 

3 
o3 
<o 










<u 


fl 








^^ 


03 . 


"o 





"o 


"o 






Date 
(1906-7). 




>> 
'2 


C3 

a 

3 


o 

3 « 
.2 ^ 
o 





'© 
w 





3 


§1 





1 

CO 


-5 






3 


o5 


From — 


To— 


|3 

3 


ft 


5fi 





3 
g 


c3 


3 
03 


1-^ 


1 


^"^ 




ft 

3 
















ir^ 


xn 


O 


m 


1— 1 





m 





s 


CQ 





H 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


105 


72 


0.7 


11 


0.20 


46 


21 


34 


0.0 


208 


31 


5.0 


24 


278 


14.8 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


218 


113 


.5 


12 


.30 


39 


19 


20 


.0 


185 


30 


5.4 


22 


262 


15.0 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


230 


120 


.5 


11 


.05 


44 


17 


20 


.0 


177 


33 


5.0 


20 


249 


15.0 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


147 


89 


.6 


8.2 


.06 


40 


18 


17 


.0 


172 


34 


4.0 


20 


236 


15.1 


Sept. 11 


Sept. 


19 


135 


98 


.7 


7.2 


.15 


41 


20 


15 


.0 


181 


29 


4.2 


18 


228 


15.2 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


135 


121 


.9 


8.0 


.10 


44 


16 


17 


.0 


187 


30 


7.0 


20 


244 


14.9 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


9 


218 


184 


.8 


17 


.10 


41 


16 


18 ■ 


.0 


170 


29 


6.0 


17 


233 


15.2 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 
Oct. 


19 

28 






























15.0 


Oct. 20 


"80 


■■"■68 


■■"'■7 


""9."2 


".■qs 


"49 


"24" 


"■42^ 


"'"."6 


"226 


"'■47 


""3."6 


"62"" 


""34i 


15.0 


Oct. 30 


Nov. 


8 


50 


24 


.5 


14 


.03 


47 


20 


21 


.0 


221 


39 


4.0 


19 


269 


14.8 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 


19 


80 


70 


.9 


6.8 


.03 


50 


24 


22 


.0 


220 


39 


4.0 


21 


274 


14.8 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


170 


84 


.5 


17 


.32 


45 


20 


16 


.0 


196 


44 


6.0 


12 


246 


15.2 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


290 


127 


.4 


19 


.65 


46 


21 


17 


.0 


206 


52 


3.0 


10 


269 


15.7 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


40 


35 


.9 


13 


.17 


54 


22 


13 


.0 


226 


64 


4.€ 


13 


311 


15.8 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


40 


51 


1.3 


19 


.36 


58 


30 


18 


.0 


265 


70 


3.0 


11 


323 


15.6 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


8 


290 


200 


.7 


25 


.49 


51 


22 


21 


.0 


235 


60 


3.0 


9.5 


298 


15.7 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


20 


400 


260 


.6 


16 


.64 


34 


15 


11 


.0 


158 


53 


3.5 


4.7 


227 


17.2 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


310 


220 


.7 


15 


.28 


33 


15 


17 


.0 


150 


42 


4.0 


6.5 


215 


22.9 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


9 


200 


133 


.7 


11 


.45 


34 


18 


15 


.0 


153 


44 


7.0 


5.7 


221 


22.0 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 
Feb. 


18 
26 






























19.8 


Feb. 19 


""230 


"129 


""""."6 


""9." 6 


"■.'24 


'"27 


■■g.'i 


■■44" 


'"'"."6 


'"126 


"■38 


";."4 


"34"" 




19.2 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


60 


50 


.8 


14 


1.0 


24 


10.0 


18 


.0 


114 


30 


.4 


4.8 


"'ieo 


17.9 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


70 


62 


.9 


12 


.25 


52 


20 


16 


.0 


220 


34 


3.0 


10 


269 


16.5 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


210 


105 


.5 


12 


.46 


47 


17 


21 


.0 


210 


41 


3.0 


12 


266 


16.1 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


280 


192 


.7 


11 


.53 


53 


23 


15 


.0 


223 


38 


6.0 


9.0 


280 


17.8 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


60 


46 


.8 


7.4 


.12 


54 


22 


12 


.0 


235 


48 


6.0 


6.5 


278 


20.2 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


90 


62 


.7 


4.4 


.11 


56 


28 


18 


.0 


237 


52 


1.3 


9.5 


299 


21.3 


May 1 


May 


10 


330 


295 


.9 


13 


.16 


50 


22 


15 


.0 


208 


47 


4.6 


10 


280 


18.9 


May 11 


May 


20 


130 


131 


1.0 


7.0 


.57 


49 


24 


18 


.0 


219 


49 


4.0 


18 


306 


16.5 


May 21 


May 


31 


150 


143 


1.0 


8.8 


.12 


56 


24 


13 


.0 


218 


54 


4.8 


8.3 


280 


15.8 


June 1 


June 


10 


340 


373 


1.1 


10 


.26 


51 


25 


13 


.0 


223 


44 


4.0 


7.3 


271 


16.6 


June 11 


June 


20 


495 


520 


1.1 


12 


.26 


58 


25 


17 


.0 




35 


2.5 


11 


293 


17.6 


June 21 


June 


30 


166 


165 


1.0 


13 


.32 


68 


23 


9.4 


.0 


'"244 


47 


10 


13 


310 


16.1 


July 1 


July 


10 


325 


324 


1.0 


12 


.12 


55 


21 


16 


.0 


239 


34 


8.0 


10 


281 


15.0 


July 11 


July 


20 


238 


196 


.8 


18 


.25 


50 


19 


13 


.0 


202 


31 


6.0 


10 


260 


16.5 


July 21 


July 


31 


74 


64 


.9 


15 


.34 


54 


20 


11 


.0 


219 


27 


1.2 


8.0 


242 


19.7 


Mean.. 


188 


145 


.8 


12 


.27 


47 


20 


18 


.0 


202 


42 


4.3 


15 


267 




Per ct. 


of anhy- 




drous 


i residi 


le.. 








4.6 


.1 


18.2 


7.8 


7.0 


38.5 




16.3 


1.7 


5.8 





















o Fe203. 



78 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 35. — Mineral analyses 'of water from Kaskaskia River near Shelhyville, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 









05 












^ . 




^ 
"o 









IS 


Date 
(1906-7). 




+3 


03 

'a 


<4-l 
O 

a « 
.2 '^ 





■a? 





"So 


aw 


SO 




1 

s^ 







o5 


'S 






'•B 


a 


o 




1^ 


p 




R g 





X5w 


03^^ 

ft 


C^Cx 


fl 


VI 




From — 


To- 




1 


ft 


o 


C8 



2 


'3 

c8 




1» 







-u 


1 


la 



Pi 
03 








&H 


CQ 


O 


M 


1— 1 





M 





w 


m 


"A 





H 


;^ 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


40 


25 


0.6 


9.2 


0.10 


44 


23 


15 


0.0 


245 


30 


0.5 


6.2 


256 


1.8 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


270 


149 


.6 


13 


.30 


38 


23 


15 


.0 


233 


28 


2.1 


6.5 


243 


2.2 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


204 


81 


.4 


16 


.60 


47 


24 


15 


.0 


217 


22 


3.5 


5.0 


236 


2.4 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


50 


34 


.7 


20 


.11 


55 


30 


3.0 


.0 


274 


30 


2.0 


5.0 


279 


1.7 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


50 


41 


.8 


9.6 


.30 


38 


23 


17 


.0 




25 


1.2 


10.0 


218 


1.4 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


40 


28 


.7 


9.0 


.06 


50 


29 


24 


.0 


"289 


26 


3.5 


7.5 


286 


1.4 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


9 


121 


63 


.5 


33 


.13 


45 


25 


17 


.0 


220 


38 


.6 


6.0 


285 


1.8 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 


19 


30 


31 


1.0 


6.4 


.06 


42 


32 


18 


.0 


241 


31 


1.2 


6.5 


252 


1.7 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


29 


20 


19 


1.0 


14 


.02 


57 


28 


19 


.0 


330 


36 


.2 


9.0 


301 


1.4 


Oct. 30 


Nov. 


6 


20 


13 


.6 


13 


.03 


64 


38 


23 


.0 


355 


37 


.3 


9.5 


340 


1.3 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 


19 


30 


15 


.5 


8.8 


.10 


63 


36 


14 


.0 


345 


33 


.6 


10.0 


334 


1.6 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


195 


84 


.4 


23 


.04 


52 


29 


15 


.0 


275 


31 


3.0 


5.3 


273 


6.5 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


100 


102 


1.0 


17 


.24 


54 


25 


13 


.0 


267 


38 


7.0 


5.5 


268 


7.7 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


40 


45 


1.1 


18 


.24 


56 


26 


14 


.0 


267 


33 


8.0 


6.7 


285 


7.1 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


30 


43 


1.4 


12 


.24 


53 


26 


15 


.0 


293 


42 


10 


5.5 


296 


6.1 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 
Jan. 


10 
20 






























ft..*! 


Jan. 11 


194 


"ioo 


"'.'5 


"25" 


i.'o' 


""42 


""i9 


"io" 


"".6 


"267 


"'42 


"s.'s 


'"'4."6 


"258 13; 2 


Jan. 22 


Jan. 


31 


220 


101 


.5 


14 


.36 


34 


16 


11 


.0 


153 


31 


5.0 


5.0 


192 12. 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


9 


20 


27 


1.4 


16 




58 


28 


15 


.0 


271 


37 


10 


4.2 


298[ 5.4 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


25 


29 


1.2 


13 


".'i3 


57 


26 


12 


.0 


280 


40 


9.0 


7.0 


304 4.5 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


* 25 


26 


1.0 


14 


.09 


57 


26 


15 


.0 


280 


37 


12 


5.2 


297 


4.4 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


100 


94 


.9 


17 


.19 


52 


27 


19 


.0 


237 


38 


13 


4.8 


292 


5.2 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


260 


77 


.4 


19 


.78 


45 


19 


12 


.0 


196 


46 


12 


6.5 


267 


9.6 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


50 


31 


.6 


17 


.17 


55 


25 


13 


.0 


260 


40 


22 


4.3 


281 


5.8 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


10 


18 


1.8 


16 


.19 


56 


25 


10 


.0 


270 


40 


12 


4.0 


282 


4.4 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


8 


13 


1.6 


17 


.15 


49 


19 


9.5 


.0 


257 


40 


9.0 


3.5 


282 


3.7 


Apr. 21 
May 1 


Apr. 


30 






























3.7 


May 


10 


"so 


■"27 


"".'9 


"ie" 


"A2 


""54 


"'26 


"'8.' 4 


"".'6 


"257 


"35 


'i2" 


'"3.8 


"296 


4.0 


May 11 
May 21 


May- 
May 


20 






























4.1 


31 


"275 


"270 


"i.o 


h" 


"'.21 


""57 


"'28 


"i3" 


"".'6 


"276 


"39 


"is" 


"■3." 8 


"363 


4.2 


June 1 


June 


10 


80 


84 


1.5 


14 


.34 


51 


23 


9.6 


.0 


225 


28 


12 


2.8 


264 


7.1 


June 11 


June 


20 


85 


79 


.9 


16 


.23 


67 


28 


8.9 


.0 




34 


1.1 


2.8 


313 


5.3 


June 21 


June 


30 


303 


377 


1.2 


15 


.21 


66 


28 


7.9 


.0 


"280 


29 


8.0 


3.8 


272 


4.7 


July 1 


July 


10 


40 


38 


1.0 


15 


.14 


70 


29 


9.5 


.0 


304 


34 


2.0 


6.0 


315 


3.2 


July 11 


July 


20 


415 


392 


.9 


18 


.30 


59 


25 


10 


.0 


258 


30 


16 




274 


4.4 


July 21 


July 


31 


255 


208 


.8 


19 


.27 


65 


27 


14 


.0 


268 


28 


8.0 


"'4.' 5 


284 


5.4 


Mean.. 
Per ct. 




110 


84 


.9 


16 


.23 


53 


26 


13 


.0 


262 


34 


6.9 


5.6 


279 




of anhy- 




drous residue . _ 








5.6 


a.l 


18.7 


9.2 


4.6 


45.4 




12.0 


2.4 


2.0 























a Fe203. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



79 



Table 36. — Mineral analyses of water fromn KaskasMa River near Carlyle, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 
























S . 







'0 









-1-3 


Date 
(1906-7). 






4.3 
-t-3 
C3 

a 




.2 ^ 





'qT 





3 


aw 

^5. 


'•B 

C30 


1 


'•B 


B 


6 
2 




tuO 4) 

03 Q 








1 


a 

ft 







c3 


2 


.i-l 



C3 


C/3 


1^ 








ft 

3 


u 
-1-3 


3 







From — 


To- 




a 








H 


CQ 





S 


l-H 





m 





M 


OQ 


iz; 





^ 


1^ 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


120 


70 


0.6 


16 


0.20 


42 


24 


15 


0.0 


271 


19 


2.0 


9.0 


273 




Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


224 


126 


.6 


11 


.10 


44 


24 


16 


.0 


218 


24 


1.9 


7.5 


235 




Aug. 22 
Aug. 31 


Aug. 
Sept. 


30 

8 


300 
262 


227 
168 


.8 
.6 


20 
21 


.06 
.07 


36 
43 


17 
20 


16 
7.1 


.0 
.0 










204 
225 




""i98 


'23'" 


"i."7 


"""5.'5 




Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


127 


71 


.6 


61 


.15 


42 


22 


22 


.0 


221 


25 


0.5 


6.0 


284 




Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


106 


55 


.5 


16 


.07 


46 


20 


14 


.0 


251 


26 


1.2 


9.5 


274 





Sept. 30 
Oct. 10 


Oct. 


9 
































Oct. 


19 


'76" 


""46 


"""."7 


is" 


".'08 


""44"' 


"is"" 


""i7" 


"'"."6 


""264 


'32" 


""6." 9 


"i2"' 


"'233 




Oct. 21 


Oct. 


28 


40 


29 


.7 


14 


.8 


55 


25 


24 


.0 


284 


29 


0.5 


7.5 


273 




Oct. 30 


Nov. 


8 


20 


12 


.6 


17 


.03 


53 


26 


15 


.0 


270 


29 


0.6 


8.5 


268 


'2." 3 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 


19 


20 


13 


.6 


8.8 


.03 


56 


25 


20 


.0 


294 


28 


0.5 


11 


269 


2.3 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


273 


113 


.4 


22 


.18 


21 


16 


13 


.0 


154 


24 


3.0 


5.0 


198 


4.8 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


293 


178 


.6 


18 


.28 


37 


16 


17 


.0 


205 


38 


5.5 


11 


225 


14.1 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


184 


133 


.7 


17 


.64 


43 


23 


16 


.0 


192 


28 


5.0 


6.0 


251 


14.7 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


30 


36 


1.2 


14 


.20 


56 


28 


16 


.0 


272 


45 


4.0 


7.5 


291 


9.0 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


270 


108 


.4 


28 


2.5 


24 


11 


15 




116 


40 


5.0 


5.0 


200 


19.1 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


19 


133 


34 


.2 


23 


1.0 


31 


11 


14 


"'"."6 


148 


40 


5.0 


4.7 


213 


20.0 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 
Feb. 


31 
9 






























21.2 


Feb. 1 


"46" 


"""51 


'"i'.s 


'17" 


"'."32 


"39"' 


'is"' 


"is" 


"'"'.'6 


"'i75 


'33"" 


'"e.'o 


'""6."6 


""2i4 


17.5 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


50 


42 


.8 


13 


.20 


51 


21 


14 


.0 


224 


41 


6.0 


6.5 


262 


8.5 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


37 


26 


.7 


16 


.08 


55 


23 


IS 


.0 


260 


46 


7.0 


7.0 


301 


7.5 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


110 


104 


.9 


13 


.34 


47 


21 


14 


.0 


203 


52 


6.0 


5.8 


277 


9.2 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


350 


186 


.5 


24 


1.1 


28 


8.9 


6.0 


.0 


119 


28 


3.0 


7.0 


189 


17.4 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 
Apr. 


31 
10 


140 
90 


91 
69 


.6 

.8 


15 
10.0 


.15 
.15 


40 

54 


19 
26 


11 . 
12 




180 
210 


38 

48 


10 
8.0 


6.5 
7.3 


239 
281 


14.0 


Apr. 1 




7.2 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


10.0 


15 


1.5 


11 


1.1 


57 


24 


16 


...... 


274 


46 


6.0 


7.0 


292 


5.9 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


175 


182 


1.0 


12 


.19 


49 


26 


14 




217 


44 


3.6 


8.3 


268 


5.8 


May 1 


May 


10 


180 


117 


.6 


21 


.66 


42 


18 


11 


""'.b 


178 


40 


6.0 


6.0 


239 


11.2 


May 11 


May 


20 


205 


176 


.9 


12 


.42 


44 


22 


14 


.0 


213 


46 


14 


7.5 


249 


10.4 


May 21 


May 


31 


600 


305 


.5 


15 


.15 


45 


20 


13 


.0 


208 


35 


7.0 


6.8 


242 




June 1 


June 


10 


380 


315 


.8 


15 


.47 


29 


12 


11 


.0 


116 


31 


3.8 


4.8 


166 


ie.'s 


June 11 


June 


20 


235 


206 


.9 


15 


.53 


46 


18 


11 


.0 


198 


19 


7.0 


3.8 


225 


14.1 


June 21 


June 


30 


285 


234 


.8 


16 


.28 


57 


21 


11 


.0 


255 


32 


6.0 


5.3 


271 


8.4 


July 1 


July 


10 


150 


145 


1.0 


17 


.16 


61 


24 


10.0 


.0 


265 


27 


8.0 


6.0 


298 


5.3 


July 11 


July 


20 


210 


183 


.9 


16 


.16 


52 


24 


12 


.0 


245 


30 


5.0 


7.0 


255 


4.2 


July 21 


July 


31 


550 


426 


.8 


17 


.36 


44 


16 


11 


.0 


194 


30 


8.0 


5.0 


239 


9.8 


Mean . 


184 


126 


.7 


17 


.39 


47 


20 


14 


.0 


213 


34 


4.8 


6.9 


248 




Per ct. 


of anhy- 




drous 


residi 


le.. 








6.8 


0.2 


18.9 


8.0 


5.6 


42.1 




13.7 


1.9 


2.8 





















aFe203. 



80 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 37. — Mineral analyses of water from Muddy River near Murphysboro, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 





















03 . 


CO 




0) 


.2 
[3 


"3 






■1-3 


Date 






4.S 


trt 










Ifi 


'i 


C3 


•B 

03 


'i 






be 


(1906-7). 




tA. 














1* 


SO 






0)6 





1/3 

2 


xi 

0) J? 
bcoj 








1 












1 


li 


C30 




.2 02 
03"-' 

ft 


& — / 
Si 


a 




CO 

-3 


C3 0) 








c3 


From — 


To— 


S 


§ 






■^3 


2 


"S 


C3 


■g-s 


C8 





3 


— 


s 





<D 








b* 


CQ 





m 


h- 1 





'^ 


02 





s 


02 


^ 





^ 


S 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


158 


71 


0.4 


17 


0.10 


33 


17 


24 


0.0 


101 


68 


1.0 


20 


258 




Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


730 


241 


.3 


28 


1.6 


15 


15 


22 


.0 


75 


49 


2.1 


19 


189 




Aug. 21 


Aug. 


29 


550 


177 


.3 


27 


5.0 


17 


8.4 


13 


.0 


54 


41 


1.0 


11 


158 




Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


224 


104 


.5 


11 


1.7 


24 


11 


9.5 


.0 


67 


64 


1.7 


21 


213 




Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


445 


249 


.6 


17 


2.5 


18 


8.7 


13 


.0 


43 


41 


2.0 


11 


150 




Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


248 


136 


.5 


15 


0.30 


21 


11 


14 


.0 


63 


48 


1.5 


15 


166 




Sept. 30 


Oct. 
Oct. 


9 
17 
































Oct. 12 


"123 


""64 


"""."5 


14" 


"6."7' 


"39" 


'is" 


"25" 


"".'6 


i54" 


'74" 


" 'i's 


"ie" 


"274 




Oct. 20 


Oct. 


29 


80 


42 


.5 


23 


1.0 


30 


13 


27 


.0 


88 


89 


1.0 


15 


247 




Oct. 31 


Nov. 


8 


40 


24 


.6 


21 


0.08 


34 


16 


32 


.0 


108 


107 


1.0 


14 


285 




Nov. 10 


Nov. 


19 


190 


74 


.4 


13 


0.15 


38 


17 


27 


.0 


90 


112 


.4 


17 


278 


'2.' 9 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


728 


612 


.8 


16 


1.3 


12 


6.3 


12 


.0 


31 


28 


1.5 


6.3 


115 


15.7 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


385 


115 


.3 


44 


5.0 


17 


8.1 


21 


.0 


54 


65 


2.5 


13 


217 


6.6 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


408 


180 


.4 


45 


4.0 


18 


4.4 


17 


.0 


36 


50 


4.0 


6.8 


219 


11.7 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


290 


26 


.9 


33 


4.5 


16 


10 


20 


.0 


54 


70 


2.0 


8.7 


204 


10.4 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 
Jan. 


10 
20 






...... 
























23.3 


Jan. 11 


"266 


'"49 


.2 


■44"" 


'i'i" 


""g.'e 


"4.'i 


"ie" 


""."6 


'45" 


'42" 


"3." 6 


"'5."5 


"i83 


24.4 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


240 


70 


.3 


32 


4.5 


17 


5.2 


15 


.0 


35 


46 


3.0 


5.5 


146 


19.2 


Feb. 2 


Feb. 


9 


185 


123 


.7 


29 


3.0 


19 


8.7 


23 


.0 


53 


72 


5.0 


8.2 


218 


8.2 


Feb. 11 


Feb. 


18 


40 


19 


.5 


24 


1.5 


30 


15 


29 


.0 


88 


106 


3.5 


17 


294 


1.8 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


100 


66 


.7 


16 


0.55 


33 


18 


30 


.0 


89 


137 


1.7 


23 


342 


3.1 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


290 


154 


.4 


37 


4.9 


21 


12 


25 


.0 


46 


93 


3.2 


11 


252 


6.2 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


340 


276 


.6 


32 


4.9 


17. 


6.1 


16 


.0 


49 


51 


1.7 


6.5 


193 


12.4 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


170 


59 


.3 


16 


5.3 


28 


12 


17 


.0 


79 


72 


1.6 


10 


230 


7.5 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


100 


44 


.4 


19 


1.11 


43 


22 


34 


.0 


144 


120 


3.2 


19 


339 


1.8 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


35 


18 


.5 


16 


0.21 


51 


21 


35 


.0 


46 


186 


1.2 


25 


424 


2.3 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


80 


34 


.4 


15 


0.8 


46 


26 


31 


.0 


104 


138 


1.1 


21 


343 


4.2 


May 1 


May 


10 


340 


222 


.6 


17 


2.5 


24 


6.9 


18 


.0 


79 


81 


1.8 


12 


229 


5.6 


May 11 


May- 


20 


190 


156 


.8 


18 


2.20 


18 


9.3 


20 


.0 


57 


61 


1.8 


8.3 


193 


7.1 


May 21 


May 


31 


150 


124 


.8 


26 


0.7 


29 


12 


19 


.0 


72 


62 


1.0 


10 


210 


2.8 


June 1 


June 
June 


10 
20 






























9.3 


June 11 


""236 


"ieo 


'"".'7 


"ig" 


'i.l' 


"u" 


"7.' 4 


"ii" 


""'."6 


'32" 


'24" 


" "5."6 


"'7.'6 


"i22 


18.5 


June 21 


June 


30 


435 


373 


.8 


20 


0.83 


20 


10 


12 


.0 


66 


38 


1.5 


8.0 


139 


9.6 


July 1 


July 


10 


65 


31 


.5 22 


1.3 


24 


5.8 


14 


.0 


78 


42 


.6 


9.0 


178 


5.3 


July 11 


July 


20 


80 


57 


.7 17 


0.15 


31 


12 


16 


.0 


97 


59 


1.1 


13 


206 


4.3 


July 21 


July 


31 


210 


105 


.5 39 


2.8 


22 


7.9 


20 


.0 


90 


45 


.8 


11 


212 


9.6 


Mean.. 
Per ct. 




245 


129 


.5 24 


2.1 


25 


12 


20 


.0 


72 


72 


2.0 


13 


225 




of anhy- 








, drous residue . . 








11.5 


0I.5 


12.2 


5.6 


9.9 


17.1 




35.0 


1.0 


6.2 























aFejOs. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



81 



Table 38. — Mineral analyses of water from Mississippi River near Moline, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 









ii 


i 










w 


® 


_© 


_© 


^ 






bCoi 
as 








<=? 


fl 








^^ 


03 . 








"o 









Date 
(1906-7). 


4J 






.2 ^ 





"S" 









c3 




03 


03 





»5 






'■B 


a 


'0 




^ 


s 


CO 


S g 


C--' 

Q 


Z^ 


03"—' 


03 v3 


fl 


CO 








'i 


ft 


e 





a 








1-s 


Xi 


^ 


+J 


'% 


"ca . 


03 


From — 


To— 


3 


OT 

S 





f3 





"3 


C3 


C3 


_o 


p 


"" 


3 











6h 


m 





m 


h- 1 





m 





s 


m 


!2; 





H 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 9 


15 


14 


0.9 


29 


0.32 


36 


19 


13 


0.0 


203 


25 


1.7 


4.5 


241 


4.4 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 18 


20 


21 


1.0 


19 


.56 


41 


18 


7.6 


.0 


205 


29 


1.7 


4.5 


219 


3.2 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 28 


70 


44 


.6 


11 


.20 


33 


13 


11 


.0 


158 


21 


2.3 


7.0 


188 


4.8 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 10 


65 


59 


.9 


15 




30 


13 


15 


.0 


144 


19 


3.2 


4.0 


168 


5.3 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 20 


60 


50 


.8 


18 


"."38 


32 


12 


11 


.0 


168 


15 


3.0 


3.8 


185 


5.3 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 31 


150 


116 


.8 


18 


.39 


32 


8.4 


18 


.0 


151 


23 


4.0 


4.0 


168 


6.6 


Apr. 1 
Apr. 11 


Apr. 10 
Apr. 20 






























9.9 


'"55 


'"'52 


■""."9 


ii" 


".'24 


" "26 


'16. 


ii" 


"'"."6 


'"91 


"24 


' '2.'2 


'3."5 


'"i24 


12.8 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 30 


25 


25 


1.0 


8.0 


.23 


24 


11 


7.1 


.0 


118 


17 


1.7 


2.5 


128 


10.3 


May 1 


May 10 


20 


14 


.7 


18 


.24 


26 


8.2 


8.7 


.0 


123 


21 


1.0 


2.5 


152 


7.8 


May 11 


May 20 


55 


54 


1.0 


12 


.8 


27 


9.8 


11 


.0 


131 


24 


0.4 


8.3 


156 


6.5 


May 21 


May 31 


100 


97 


1.0 


10 


.50 


27 


12 


5.9 


.0 


116 


21 


1.1 


2.0 


149 


6.8 


June 1 


June 10 


90 


70 


.8 


12 


.34 


31 


13 


11 


.0 




17 


2.0 


1.8 


172 


7.1 


June 11 


June 20 


145 


142 


.9 


16 


.31 


37 


16 


7.7 


.0 


'"i55 


20 


0.4 


2.5 


189 


7.4 


June 21 


June 30 


210 


280 


1.3 


14 


.65 


42 


15 


6.8 


.0 


161 


27 


1.7 


3.0 


186 


6.6 


July 1 


July 10 


185 


185 


1.0 


13 


.31 


40 


14 


8.1 


.0 


166 


31 


0.3 


2.5 


203 


6.8 


July 11 


July 20 


372 


287 


.8 


19 


.42 


41 


15 


8.6 


.0 


173 


35 


1.8 


2.0 


212 


8.3 


July 21 


July 31 


350 


295 


.8 


22 


.32 


41 


16 


10.0 


.0 


171 


34 


2.7 


4.5 


208 


7.7 


Mean.. 


117 


106 


.9 


16 


0.39 


33 


13 


10 


.0 


152 


24 


1.8 


3.7 


179 




Per ct. 


of anhy- 
































drouj 


5 residue.. 








9.0 


aO.3 


18.7 


7.3 


5.7 


42.3 




13.6 


1.0 


2.1 





















aFejOs. 



28987— IRR 239—10- 



82 



QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEBS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 39. — Mineral analyses of water from Mississippi River near Quincy, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 









i 












i . 


,2 



,2 


v 
"o 


[3 






4J 


Date 
(1906-7). 






















1 

Q 


03 

otr! 


1 

03 ~~^ 

ft 
3 


'5 


6 


'0 


bJD 

1 . 

?„+^ 
bO <o 
03 a> 
tub*" 


From — 


To- 




1 


ft 




1^ 



2 


'S 


Pi 
be 
03 


1-S 


% 


03 



+j 


3 


-a 












b^ 


OQ 


o 


m 


1— 1 





m 





m 


ai 


*A 





^i 


S 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


150 


104 


0.7 


17 


0.10 


38 


17 


16 


0.0 


180 


25 


1.0 


5.5 


224 


5.4 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


540 


287 


.5 


23 


.20 


34 


14 


16 


.0 


161 


23 


2.1 


5.0 


192 


6.4 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


360 


190 


.5 


21 


2.0 


36 


17 


18 


.0 


166 


23 


2.0 


5.5 


197 


5.7 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 






























5.6 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


18 


245" 


"'i68 


".'7 


"ri" 


".'5' 


""3i 


""13 


"16'" 


'"'"."6 


"ies 


'""24 


' "i's 


' ' *3.'5 


""i87 


6.0 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


29 


224 


149 


.7 


16 


.40 


35 


18 


11 


.0 


156 


20 


1.8 


9.0 


196 


5.9 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


9 


263 


169 


.6 


17 


.12 


38 


21 


12 


.0 


162 


22 


2.0 


4.5 


200 


6.0 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 


18 


144 


76 


.5 


19 


.02 


38 


21 


11 


.0 


190 


20 


1.5 


6.0 


213 


5.3 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


31 


151 


86 


.6 


15 


.04 


42 


19 


12 


.0 


206 


22 


1.0 


6.5 


220 


4.4 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 


8 


50 


41 


.8 


19 


.04 


41 


19 


14 


.0 


214 


26 


.5 


4.3 


223 


4.8 


Nov. 9 


Nov. 


19 


30 


41 


1.0 


17 


.03 


35 


16 


8.0 


.0 


174 


14 


.3 


7.5 


185 


5.8 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


30 


27 


.91 16 


.05 


36 


17 


11 


.0 


182 


27 


2.5 


3.8 


196 


5.9 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


50 


54 


1.1 


17 


.32 


37 


19 


11 


.0 


188 


28 


2.5 


6.2 


217 


6.6 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


25 


24 


1.0 


10 


.11 


35 


18 


13 


.0 


176 


27 


2.0 


4.5 


190 


5.2 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


25 


10.0 


24 


2.4 


18 


.28 


37 


24 


16 


.0 


225 


39 


2.0 


6.0 


244 


2.9 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


200 


125 


.6 


19 


1.0 


35 


16 


16 


.0 


218 


27 


3.0 


5.0 


210 


4.5 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


20 


475 


152 


.3 


26 


2.2 


36 


18 


9.8 


.0 


185 


35 


2.7 


4.0 


237 


6.2 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


300 


154 


.5 


26 


1.4 


32 


14 


17 


.0 


140 


25 


2.7 


4.5 


203 


9.1 


Feb. 2 


Feb. 


9 


96 


44 


.4 


21 


.9 


39 


17 


8.8 


.0 


180 


30 


2.7 


5.2 


218 


4.2 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


80 


59 


.7 


30 


.44 


41 


18 


12 


.0 


205 


31 


2.5 


5.0 


239 


4.9 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


182 


112 


.6 


15 


.26 


39 


16 


8.8 


.0 


183 


22 


3.2 


6.0 


207 


5.8 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


110 


110 


1.7 


16 


.25 


33 


15 


12 


.0 


151 


19 


5.0 


3.3 


188 


6.5 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


190 


147 


.8 


18 


.61 


35 


16 


10 


.0 


175 


26 


4.0 


3.3 


192 


7.1 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


195 


177 


.9 


17 


.61 


34 


14 


13 


.0 


176 


26 


5.0 


2.8 


193 


7.5 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


250 


188 


.7 


18 


.35 


32 


13 


7.0 


.0 


141 


21 


2.8 


2.5 


180 


9.8 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


40 


40 


1.0 


14 


.22 


24 


10 


7.9 


.0 


121 


22 


2.4 


2.5 


144 


12.9 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


40 


37 


.9 


8.4 


.28 


38 


10 


12 


.0 


138 


24 


1.1 


6.5 


170 


11.9 


May 1 


May 


10 


45 


45 


1.0 


10 


.12 


33 


13 


9.2 


.0 


163 


22 


.9 


2.5 


176 


9.1 


May 11 


May 


20 


55 


52 


.9 


10 


.34 


31 


11 


8.7 


.0 


151 


32 


2.0 


3.5 


213 


7.8 


May 21 


May 


31 


165 


166 


1.0 


15 


.7 


32 


16 


8.7 


.0 


158 


22 


1.4 


2.3 


176 


8.2 


June 1 


June 


10 


170 


171 


1.0 


14 


.13 


34 


15 


6.9 


.0 


161 


19 


2.3 


2.5 


188 


8.6 


June 11 


June 


20 


250 


227 


.9 


14 


.62 


40 


17 


8.4 


.0 


173 


16 


1.2 


2.3 


200 


10.6 


June 21 


June 


30 


210 


177 


.8 


16 


.32 


45 


17 


8.7 


.0 


190 


28 


1.5 


3.5 


218 


9.1 


July 1 


July 


10 


150 


135 


.9 


20 


.12 


44 


19 


13 


.0 


207 


37 


2.5 


3.0 


227 


8.3 


July 11 


July 


20 


400 


294 


.7 


24 


.66 


40 


15 


10 


.0 


163 


28 


2.4 


3.5 


211 


11.5 


July 21 


July 


31 


175 


101 


.6 


31 


.5 


45 


17 


15 


.0 


207 


30 


1.8 


3.8 


239 


13.4 


Mean. 
Per ct. 




173 


119 


.8 


18 


.46 


36 


16 


11 


.0 


175 


25 


2.2 


4.4 


203 




of anhy- 




drous Tfisidne. . 








9.0 


0.3 


18.1 


8.0 


5.5 


43.2 




12.6 


1.1 


2.2 























a Fe203. 



ANALYTICAL. TABLES. 



83 



Table 40.^— Mineral analyses of ivater from Mississippi River near Chester, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(190fr-7). 



From- 



Aug. 1 
Aug. 11 
Aug. 21 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 11 
Sept. 20 
Sept. 30 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 22 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 15 
Nov. 20 
Dec. 1 
Dec. 11 
Dec. 22 
Jan. 1 
Jan. 11 
Jan. 21 
Feb. 1 
Feb. 10 
Feb. 21 
Mar. 1 
Mar. 11 
Mar. 21 
Apr. 21 
June 1 
June 11 
June 21 
July 1 
July 11 
July 21 



To- 



Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 19 

Oct. 31 

Nov. 9 

Nov. 19 

Nov. 28 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 19 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 30 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31 



Mean 

Per ct. of anhy- 
drous residue . 



TJ 



1,400 
1,525 
1,875 
1,650 
840 
980 
766 
1,100 
530 
540 
710 
634 
.293 
220 
194 
325 
450 
850 
310 
181 
587 
580 
390 
800 
445 
2,000 



1,300 

1,320 

2,300 

634 



858 



743 
705 
857 
929 
560 

1,042 
615 
733 
290 
377 
498 
440 
228 
254 
151 
235 
355 
561 
213 
132 
496 
621 
274 
649 
280 

1,788 



1,455 

1,277 

1,807 

482 



634 



PI flj 



Sfi 



0.5 
.5 
.4 
.6 

.7 

1.1 

.8 

.7 
.5 

.7 

.7 



1.2 



1.1 
1.0 



6.2 
27 
33 
16 
24 
19 
16 
19 
22 
22 
24 
19 
20 
17 
15 
20 
20 
35 
21 
23 
24 
21 
34 
19 
20 
23 



22 
26 
25 
24 



22 
8.5 



^ 



0.30 
.14 
.30 
.04 
.25 
.16 
.05 
.08 
.08 
.02 
.04 
.20 
.37 
1.30 
.12 
.56 
1.1 
1.2 
1.2 
.47 
.33 
.35 
.45 
.26 
1.2 
.13 



.41 
.26 
.18 
.14 



.39 
a. 2 



O 



o 



44 
17.1 



1^ 



15 
14 
16 
13 
17 
17 
17 
21 
22 
19 
23 
17 
19 
20 



18 

15 

10.0 

13 

17 

16 

17 

13 

13 

20 

16 



16 
14 
17 
14 



16 
6.2 



aw 
§1 






21 
8.2 



o 



0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 



33.2 



m 



146 
145 
145 
161 
164 
167 
150 
190 
236 
219 
200 
180 
195 
192 
241 
205 
175 
117 
148 
189 
187 
161 
146 
166 
166 
156 



178 
173 
170 
166 



174 



c3^ 
ft 



56 
21.8 






0.8 
2.1 
2.5 
2.5 
1.4 
1.2 
1.5 
2.0 
1.2 
1.5 
1.7 



3 

2, 

2, 

4, 

3 

2, 

1.2 

7.0 

5.0 

4.0 

5.0 

3.0 

4.0 

2.0 

2.4 



2.4 
2.5 
2.0 
5.2 



2.7 
1.0 



o 



11 

9. 
10. 
12 
10 
16 
11 
10 
12 
15 
13 
10 
10 

9. 
11 
10 

7. 

5. 

6. 
12 
12 

7. 
18 

5. 

5. 

7. 



320 

237 
245 
256 
249 
260 
228 
266 
306 
316 
310 
254 
265 
271 
301 
271 
260 
222 
214 
277 
304 
266 
257 
238 
256 
284 



6.5 
7.0 
7.0 
7.5 



296 
294 
304 
250 



9.8 
3.8 



269 



a FejOs. 



84 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 41.— Mineral analyses of water from Vermilion River near Danville, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(1906-7). 



From— 



Aug. 2 
Aug. 11 
Aug. 22 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 10 
Sept. 20 
Sept. 30 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 30 
Nov. 9 
Nov. 20 
Dec. 
Dec. 1 
Dec. 2 
Jan. 
Jan. 1 
Jan. 2 
Feb. 
Feb. 10 
Feb. 20 
Mar. 
Mar. 1 
Mar. 2 
Apr. 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 2 
May- 
May 1 
May 2 
June 
June 1 
June 2 
July 
July 1 
July 2 



To- 



Aug. 10 

Aug. 20 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 19 

Sept. 29 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 19 

Oct. 29 

Nov. 8 

Nov. 19 

Nov. 30 

Dec. 10 

Dec. 20 

Dec. 31 

Jan. 10 

Jan. 19 

Jan. 31 

Feb. 9 

Feb. 18 

Feb. 28 

Mar. 10 

Mar. 20 

Mar. 31 

Apr. 10 

Apr. 20 

Apr. 30 

May 10 

May 20 

May 31 

June 10 

June 20 

June 30 

July 10 

July 20 

July 31 



Mean 

Per ct. of anhy- 
drous residue. 



135 
300 
425 
117 

50 
142 

90 



54 
147 
201 
59 
38 
68 
44 



20 

10.0 

20 

161 ! 
125 

50 

40 
270 
296 

90 

10.0 

45 

10.0 
7.0 
230 
160 

25 
5.0 

19 

45 

25 

35 
330 

65 
100 

70 
460 

55 



115 



18 
5.2 
7.8 
155 

78 

61 

47 
258 
255 

57 
6.0 

21 

12 
8.6 
164 

45 

18 
4.4 

18 

25 

22 

36 
251 

56 

29 

68 
487 

48 



82 






0.4 
.5 
.5 
.5 

.8 
.5 
.5 



.9 

.5 

.4 

1.0 

.6 

1.2 

1.2 

1.0 

.9 

.0 

.6 

.5 

1.2 

1.2 

.7 

.3 

.7 

.9 

1.0 

.6 

.9 

1.0 



12 
13 

6.2 
16 
21 
12 

10.0 
19 
17 
20 
15 
18 

8.4 
11 
15 
15 
14 

8.6 

4.7 
18 

9.2 
11 
13 
11 
14 
17 
13 
17 



14 
4.9 



0.40 
.5 
.20 
.10 
.30 
.12 
.07 



.04 
.10 
.03 
.05 
.06 
.17 
.24 
.37 
.6 

1.1 
.16 
.09 
.13 
.13 
.70 
.54 
.18 
.23 

1.3 
.26 
.15 
.15 
.18 
.25 
.57 
.25 
.24 
.23 



.29 
a.l 



O 



54 
19.0 



^ 



03 



25 



c3 



la 



27 
11 
15 

15 

8.7 
15 
18 



23 
20 
21 
10. ( 
12 

8.0 
14 
14 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
14 
13 

9. 

9. 
10. 



3 
3 

8.7 
9.5 
9.2 
9.2 
8.1 
8.7 
8.6 
6.7 
8.2 
8.9 



13 
4.6 



SO 



0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 



.0 
42.1 



w 



272 
193 
163 
241 

285 
282 
270 



326 
350 
330 
220 
254 
236 
275 
189 
190 
189 
265 
240 
247 
243 
180 
207 
236 
242 
247 
227 
243 
239 
175 
250 
245 
267 
221 
265 



243 



42 
14.7 






0.7 
2.7 
4.5 
3.0 
.8 
1.8 
1.2 



.6 
.3 
.6 

8.0 
14 
16 
12 
12 

5.5 
16 
16 
12 
16 

8.0 
12 
24 
24 
19 
11 
24 
24 
24 
20 
16 
10.0 
16 
18 
24 



12 



4.2 



O 



5.7 
3.2 
4.5 
5.0 
5.0 
7.0 
5.0 



7.5 
6.5 
7.5 
3.5 
4.2 
4.8 
4.5 
4.7 
3.0 
5.0 
5.2 
5.0 
5.0 
3.8 
3.5 
4.8 
4.0 
2.5 
3.0 
3.8 
3.8 
3.8 
4.2 
4.3 
3.0 
5.0 
3.3 
4.0 



299 
216 
222 
282 
267 
264 
275 



322 
342 
318 
279 
302 
301 
314 
254 
245 
263 
330 
316 
299 
279 
256 
250 
266 
264 
295 
274 
288 
276 
230 
304 
258 
301 
290 
285 



4.5 
1.6 



281 



a FeaOa. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



85 



Table 42. — Mineral analyses of water from Embarrass River near Charleston, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 





















i . 




"3 


0) 








Date 
(1906-7). 




2 


s 

03 
ft 


o . 

2 ^ 
'o 


O 





o 


'bio 

1 


aw 


''3 



1 


1 
ft 


1 


6 
1 


C/3 








'A 


From— 


To- 


_ 


3 




§ 




o 


-^ 


03 


^- 


J§ 





"3 




s 











E-t 


OQ 


o 


m 


HH 


O 


S^ 


m 





s 


m 


"A 





Eh 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


215 


184 


0.8 


27 


0.35 


48 


25 


20 


0.0 


251 


31 


2.8 


7.5 


297 


Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


268 


172 


.6 


21 


.20 


39 


18 


12 


.0 


182 


22 


2.1 


4.2 


230 


Aug. 22 


Aug. 


30 


400 


167 


.4 


22 


.06 


36 


18 


16 


.0 


182 


24 


3.5 


2.0 


226 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


100 


41 


.4 


18 


.08 


57 


29 


15 


.0 


282 


28 


1.7 


5.5 


282 


Sept. 10 


Sept. 


19 


214 


78 


.4 


21 


.30 


38 


20 


7.3 


.0 


190 


22 


1.4 


3.5 


214 


Sept. 20 


Sept. 


27 


220 


94 


.4 


17 


.45 


38 


18 


11 


.0 


192 


23 


2.5 


5.5 


212 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 


9 


182 


108 


.6 


19 


.04 


56 


28 


28 


.0 


287 


27 


3.0 


5.0 


316 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 


19 


70 


42 


.6 


11 


.16 


58 


31 


16 


.0 


315 


36 


1.5 


5.0 


310 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 


28 


30 


20 


.7 


10.0 


.14 


61 


33 


21 


.0 


322 


32 


0.5 


7.2 


291 


Oct. 29 


Nov. 

Nov. 


10 
19 






























Nov. 11 


"ioo" 


'"64" 


""."e 


"6.'4 


"'.'io 


"59 


"'39 


"ie" 


"'.'6 


' ' '326 


""36 


"'6."4 


' ' '7.'2 


'293 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 


30 


200 


178 


.9 


18 


.06 


37 


22 


11 


.0 


246 


18 


5.0 


5.3 


258 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


10 


160 


175 


1.1 


26 


.20 


54 


25 


18 


.0 


280 


32 


8.0 


4.0 


283 


Dec. 11 


Dec. 


20 


144 


144 


1.0 


13 


.09 


54 


26 


11 


.0 


257 


26 


8.0 


5.5 


277 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


224 


361 


1.1 


12 


.32 


57 


31 


10.0 


.0 


286 


34 


8.0 


6.0 


300 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


280 


352 


1.2 


17 


.57 


43 


21 


13 


.0 


219 


34 


9.0 


5.0 


236 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


18 


275 


292 


1.1 


30 


.80 


38 


16 


15 


.0 


200 


35 


7.0 


4.2 


254 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


100 


106 


1.1 


32 


3.6 


41 


20 


10.0 


.0 


200 


22 


8.0 


4.2 


232 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 


8 


20 


21 


1.0 


11 


.15 


55 


24 


8.0 


.0 


253 


33 


6.0 


5.0 


271 


Feb. 10 


Feb. 


18 


25 


37 


1.5 


19 


.13 


52 


21 


13 


.0 


260 


43 


8.5 


5.0 


291 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


25 


31 


1.2 


14 


.08 


54 


23 


14 


.0 


267 


33 


8.0 


5.0 


281 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


25 


35 


1.4 


11 


.26 


52 


24 


13 


.0 


250 


41 


8.0 


4.5 


289 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


800 


1,014 


1.3 


18 


.24 


45 


18 


11 


.0 


173 


39 


10.0 


7.5 


237 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


100 


90 


.9 


15 


.23 


51 


25 


15 


.0 


242 


39 


16 


4.3 


278 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


10.0 


18 


1.8 


9.0 


.26 


54 


24 


9.6 


.0 


249 


48 


16 


5.5 


269 


Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


8.0 


10.0 


1.2 


10.0 


.16 


52 


25 


9.9 


.0 


250 


34 


14 


4.5 


264 


Apr. 21 


Apr. 


30 


70 


41 


.6 


11 


.45 


49 


29 


6.3 


.0 


225 


32 


9.2 


5.5 


256 


May 1 


May 


10 


20 


15 


.8 


13 


,12 


52 


24 


15 


.0 


267 


32 


12 


5.5 


285 


May 11 


May 


20 


30 


33 


1.1 


8.2 


.16 


49 


22 


12 


.0 


256 


35 


10.0 


7.3 


281 


May 21 


May 


31 


30 


33 


1.1 


5.0 


.50 


50 


23 


10.0 


.0 


250 


31 


10.0 


4.3 


276 


June 1 


June 


10 


200 


162 


.8 


16 


.36 


50 


24 


13 


.0 


228 


25 


13 


3.8 


267 


June 11 


June 


20 


90 


88 


1.0 


17 


.34 


65 


29 


7.5 


.0 


284 


32 


6.0 


3.5 


277 


June 21 


June 


30 


200 


149 


.7 


16 


.23 


57 


21 


11 


.0 


281 


29 


13 


4.5 


269 


July 1 


July 


10 


80 


65 


.8 


20 


.15 


66 


25 


13 


.0 


280 


26 


18 


4.5 


312 


July 11 


July 


20 


422 


380 


.9 


22 


.26 


50 


21 


13 


.0 


217 


27 


7.0 


3.0 


243 


July 21 


July 


31 


100 


93 


.9 


26 


.21 


64 


24 


14 


.0 


270 


30 


10.0 


3.2 


301 


Mean 


155 


140 


.9 


17 


.34 


51 


24 


13 


.0 


249 


31 


7.6 


4.9 


270 


Per ct. of anhy- 




























drous residue. . . 








6.3 


a. 2 


18.8 


8.9 


4.8 


45.0 




11.4 


2.8 


1.8 



















a FejOg. 



86 



QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 43. — Mineral analyses of water from Embarrass River near Lawrenceville, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(1906-7). 


IS 


g 
ft 

m 

D 


o . 

.2 ^ 

o 

o 

O 


O 
CO 


ft 


O 


'So 

a 

03 


4- 


'S 

03 

Ho 
%^ 

O 


1 

0) CO 

offi 

.a 


0) 
o3^ 


03 ^ 


6 

'% 

o 




From— 


To— 


o 

Eh 


Aug. 1 
Aug. 11 
Aug. 21 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 17 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 13 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 30 
Nov. 9 
Nov. 20 
Dec. 14 


Aug. 10 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 30 
Sept. 16 
Sept. 26 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 19 
Oct. 29 
Nov. 8 
Nov. 18 
Nov. 30 
Dec. 20 
Dec. 31 
Jan. 10 
Jan. 20 
Jan. 31 
Feb. 9 
Feb. 18 
Feb. 28 
Mar. 10 
Mar. 20 
Mar. 31 
Apr. 10 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 30 
May 10 
May 20 
May 31 
June 10 
June 20 
June 30 
July 10 
July 20 
July 31 


280 
220 
268 
148 


52 
111 
103 

89 


0.5 
.5 

.4 
.6 


24 
15 
17 
15 


0.30 
.14 
.30 
.20 


42 
33 
33 
42 


22 
18 
18 
22 


29 
18 
32 
19 


0.0 
.0 

"".'6 


207 
150 
123 
205 


33 
23 
26 
24 


1.2 
2.4 
1.5 

.8 


26 
23 
45 
26 


278 
231 
240 
251 














19 
27 
25 
34 
31 
















20 
20 
20 
20 
220 


19 

15 
8.0 
7.4 

98 


1.0 
.8 
.4 
.4 
.5 


18 
16 
11 
16 
15 


.08 
.10 
.10 
.05 
.20 


59 
55 
60 
72 
66 


49 
43 
87 
48 
55 


.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


274 
270 
305 
335 
229 


45 
36 
49 
50 
64 


7.0 
.3 
.2 

5.5 
.3 


64 

61 

114 

75 

88 


426 
371 
472 
468 
458 


Dec. 21 
Jan. 1 
Jan. 11 
Jan. 21 
Feb. 2 
Feb. 10 
Feb. 19 
Mar. 1 
Mar. 11 
Mar. 21 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 11 
Apr. 21 
May 1 
May 11 
May 21 
June 1 
June 11 
June 21 
July 1 
July 11 
July 21 


103 
214 
161 
159 

45 

12 
8.0 

50 
280 
120 


76 
78 
89 
50 
34 
13 
11 
45 
177 
54 


.7 
.4 
.6 
.3 
.8 
1.1 
1.2 
.9 
.6 
.4 


21 
20 
31 
25 
14 
11 
18 
14 
22 
19 


.32 

3.7 

1.4 

1.7 
.22 
.13 
.07 
.15 

2.2 
.78 


49 
19 
28 
24 
46 
52 
54 
52 
20 
44 


23 

8.5 
16 

9.5 
20 
22 
24 
18 
10.0 
16 


20 
18 
17 
17 
27 
21 
25 
33 
15 
19 


.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


227 
100 
136 
104 
203 
234 
244 
205 
111 
198 


46 
27 
.36 
30 
43 
44 
54 
29 
38 
39 


5.0 
2.5 
4.5 
4.0 
2.0 
6.0 
6.0 
4.2 
9.2 
14 


20 
9.5 
9.2 
8.2 

20 

24 

32 

46 

14 

16 


308 
166 
205 
174 
268 
284 
342 
342 
192 
274 


15 
112 
210 

80 
120 
200 
100 
220 

43 
181 

68 


13 

54 
109 

44 

94 
107 

70 
128 

41 
123 

60 


.9 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.8 
.5 
.7 
.6 
1.0 
.7 
.9 


13 
10 
13 
11 
19 
9.2 
18 
18 
17 
13 
15 


.13 
.32 
.62 
.15 
.30 
.29 
.59 
.90 
.14 
.11 
.22 


55 
45 
37 
42 
34 
26 
48 
51 
55 
39 
45 


26 
24 
12 
17 
15 
9.3 
23 
18 
20 
18 
17 


28 
29 
22 
31 
17 
13 
17 
19 
20 
28 
15 


.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


240 
243 
143 
183 
141 
91 
187 
190 
231 
158 
170 


42 
43 
35 
52 
34 
17 
28 
20 
25 
21 
24 


3.3 

2.6 
2.4 
3.2 
1.5 
. 2.7 
2.0 
1.4 
7.0 
2.1 
6.0 


40 
51 

28 
40 
26 
12 
19 
36 
18 
38 
22 


325 
296 
238 

287 
235 
120 
251 
255 
275 
246 
222 


Mean 


118 


66 


.7 


17 
6.1 


.53 
a. 3 


44 
15.8 


19 
6.8 


28 
10.0 


.0 
34.5 


195 


35 
12.6 


3.7 
1.3 


35 
12.6 


?83 


Per ct. 
drouE 


of anhy- 
5 residue. . . 















o FeaOa. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



87 



Table 44. — Mineral analyses of water from Little Wahash River near Carmi, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 











, 










, 


(B 


<B 


0) 


a> 






■u 








(H 


0) 










w 














_r! 








« 











„^ 


03 . 


13 





'3 


"o 






W) 


Date 
(1906-7). 




>> 

1=1 


-a 

s 




.2 ^ 







OT 



"3" 

1 







03 




so 




'•B 

o3 

o3^^ 



'■B 

o3 


6 



3 




xi 

03,0) 
6X)^ 


From — 


To- 




d 

03 








Eh 


OT 





OT 


l-H 





m 





(5 


OT 





b^ 


Aug. 1 


Aug. 


10 


20 


9.2 


0.5 


38 


0.20 


27 


15 


18 


0.0 


171 


19 


0.8 




219 




Aug. 11 


Aug. 


20 


40 


25 


.6 


22 


.20 


31 


16 


22 


.0 


160 


26 


1.9 


"i2" 


211 


.... 


Aug. 21 


Aug. 


30 


144 


55 


.4 


28 


.25 


23 


8.3 


14 


.0 


97 


25 


1.5 


14 


174 


.... 


Aug. 31 


Sept. 


9 


142 


60 


.4 


38 


.32 


21 


13 


14 


.0 


91 


22 


1.5 


6.3 


163 


.... 


Sept. 10 
Sept. 20 


Sept. 
Sept. 


19 
































29 


'"90 


'38" 


"".'4 


'is" 


".'36 


"23" 


"is" 


"is" 


"".'6 


"'95 


'24" 


"2."6 


"s.'s 


"i47 




Sept. 30 


Oct. 


9 


127 


64 


.5 


19 


.35 


16 


10 


14 


.0 


76 


21 


1.5 


9.0 


138 


'i.'3 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 
Oct. 


18 
29 






























0.7 


Oct. 20 


""76 


'23" 


"".'3 


'36" 


"2.'6" 


"22" 


"9.'3 


"2i" 


'"'.'6 


'"93 


'32" 


'".'6 


'"6.' 5 


"i88 


0.6 


Oct. 30 


Nov. 


7 


30 


19 


.6 


26 


.6 


24 


14 


16 


.0 


118 


44 


.9 


11 


187 


0.5 


Nov. 9 


Nov. 

Nov. 


19 
30 






























0.6 


Nov. 20 


"436 


lib" 


.4 


'is" 


"."7' 




"i3" 


"4.'6 


'"6."4 


""."6 


""39 


'i9" 


"3.'6 


""i.'o 


"iii 


6.4 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 


9 


182 


68 


.4 


27 


1.5 


17 


9.1 


16 


.0 


69 


33 


3.5 


8.8 


153 


4.5 


Dec. 12 


Dec. 


20 


273 


109 


.4 


39 


3.7 


15 


3.8 


15 


.0 


52 


23 


2.5 


6.5 


185 


8.4 


Dec. 21 


Dec. 


31 


151 


77 


.5 


39 


3.7 


16 


5.3 


16 


.0 


64 


38 


2.5 


5.5 


184 


7.5 


Jan. 1 


Jan. 


10 


220 


67 


.3 


31 


9.9 


7.8 


6.2 


15 


.0 


54 


26 


6.0 


4.2 


140 


17.1 


Jan. 11 


Jan. 


20 


94 


10.0 


.9 


35 


3.2 


10.0 


3.8 


13 




51 


31 


1.2 


4.0 


159 


19.8 


Jan. 21 


Jan. 


31 


GO 


21 


.4 


17 


.40 


11 


5.2 


10.0 


""'.'6 


44 


30 


4.0 


5.5 


138 


26.0 


Feb. 1 


Feb. 
Feb. 


9 
18 






























21.6 


Feb. 10 


""46 


'26" 


"".'5 


'2i" 


"i's' 




25 


"9.' 6 


"ie" 


■"".'o 


"ios 


"42" 


"i'o 


'"7." 5 


"i93 


5.8 


Feb. 19 


Feb. 


28 


35 


29 


.8 


15 


.9 


32 


12 


21 


.0 


126 


51 


1.5 


16 


219 


0.9 


Mar. 1 


Mar. 


10 


100 


94 


.9 


24 


2.2 


28 


15 


25 


.0 


104 


74 


3.0 


11 


239 


3.5 


Mar. 11 


Mar. 


20 


330 


198 


.6 


25 


4.9 


8.5 


6.7 


19 


.0 


57 


35 


1.5 


7.3 


187 


11.8 


Mar. 21 


Mar. 


31 


145 


34 


.2 


48 


6.5 


15 


6.7 


18 




69 


38 


2.7 


6.0 


240 


22.3 


Apr. 1 


Apr. 


10 


60 


26 


.4 


24 


2.3 


36 


15 


14 




126 


51 


2.8 


8.0 


227 


5.8 


♦Apr. 11 


Apr. 


20 


60 


26 


.4 


19 


1.3 


36 


17 


17 


""."6 


153 


52 


1.8 


8.3 


236 


1.9 


Apr. 21 
May 1 
May 11 


Apr. 

May 
May 


30 






























1.8 


10 






























3.7 


20 


"'i46 


iio" 


""."8 


'25'" 


'i."i" 


"2i" 


..... 


"i2" 


"".'6 


'"86 


'43" 


"2.' 5 


"'9.' 6 


"i82 


2.7 


May 21 


May 


31 


155 


125 


.8 


18 


.74 


22 


7.9 


11 


.0 


74 


30 


1.2 


7.0 


151 


3.1 


June 1 


June 
June 


10 
20 






























8.8 


June 11 


"iss 


iio" 


'"".7 


'26" 


'i."i' 


"ig" 


"7.'7 


"io.'o 


'"'.'6 


'"64 


'i4 " 


"i.'5 


'"5." 5 


"i49 


9.8 


June 21 


June 


30 


220 


143 


.7 


22 


4.9 


20 


4.8 


12 


.0 


102 


24 


2.4 


6.0 


153 


4.7 


July 1 


July 


10 


110 


65 


.6 


14 


1.6 


18 


3.9 


8.1 


.0 


80 


22 


1.7 


6.0 


134 


2.0 


July 11 


July 


20 


120 


100 


.8 


15 


.19 


18 


6.4 


11 


.0 


83 


22 


1.2 


6.5 


137 


1.7 


July 21 


July 


31 


160 


84 


.5 


33 


1.7 


14 


4.8 


10.0 


.0 


53 


19 


1.5 


5.0 


150 


.... 


Mean 


135 


68 


.5 


26 


2.0 


20 


9.1 


15 


.0 


88 


32 


2.1 


7.5 


176 




Per ct. of anhy- 
































drous residue.. 








16.5 


al.S 


12.6 


5.8 


9.5 


27.5 




20.3 


1.3 


4.7 























a Fe203. 



88 



QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. 



Table 45. — Mineral analyses of water from Cache River near Mounds, III. 
[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 



Date 
(1906-7). 



From— To — 






56 



1^ 















C3 



% 



Aug. 1 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 21 

Aug. 31 

Sept. 10 

Sept. 20 

Sept. 30 

Oct. 10 

Oct. 20 

Nov. 1 

Nov. 15 

Nov. 22 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

May 

May 

May 

June 

June 1 

June 2 

July 

July 1 

July 2 



Aug. 10 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 30 
Sept. 9 
Sept. 19 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 9 
Oct. 19 
Oct. 31 
Nov. 8 
Nov. 21 
Nov. 30 
Dec. 10 
Dec. 20 
Dec. 31 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 10 
May 20 
May 31 
June 10 
June 20 
Jtme 30 
July 10 
July 20 
July 31 



Mean 

Per ct. of anhy- 
drous residue . . 



210 
220 
155 
130 



40 

40 

155 

168 

273 

90 

50 

182 

112 

50 

40 

20 

175 

100 

290 

130 

340 

55 

45 

145 



125 
195 
149 
65 
103 



160 



134 



15 

42 
68 
58 

175 
20 

152 
53 
35 
23 
34 
12 
93 
36 
73 
48 
84 
34 
30 

117 



125 
78 
73 
38 
76 



102 



66 



0.4 
.3 
.3 
.5 



4.6 
20 
31 
16 



0.20 
1.0 

.60 
.17 



26 
18 
22 
22 



10.0 
7.4 
7.0 
9.1 



13 
29 
38 
20 



0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 



121 
93 
90 
94 



4.3 
20 
35 
14 



1.0 
0.9 
1.0 
1.0 



7.2 
5.0 
15 
6.5 



.4 
1.0 
.4 
.3 
.6 
.2 
3.0 
.3 
.3 
.5 
.8 
.6 
.5 
.4 
.3 
.4 
.2 
.6 
.7 



9.2 
22 
26 
28 
23 
22 
28 
39 
29 
24 
23 
19 
21 
33 
43 
21 
24 
18 

10.0 
12 



4.5 
7.4 
2.6 
3.4 
1.5 
1.5 



33 
42 
19 
19 

9. 

9. 

9. 

8. 
12 
12 
13 
15 
14 
12 
15 
16 
18 
16 
23 
28 



13 
8.7 
3. 

4.5 
3.6 
3.0 
6.4 
3.1 
4.0 
6.3 
3.7 
5.6 
3.9 
5.4 
1.5 
4.0 
5.6 
6.3 
8.5 
5. 



17 

25 

39 

37 

11 
7.4 

14 

17 

11 

14 

12 

11 
8.2 

13 
7.0 
9.0 
8.7 
9.0 
6.9 

19 



1.0 
.4 
.5 
.6 

.7 



22 
11 
18 
20 
15 



.58 
.56 

3.8 

4.5 
.20 



16 
20 
25 
24 
23 



3.5 
5.3 
9.0 
8.5 
5.9 



7.0 
8.6 
3.9 
6.2 



24 



2.6 



25 



9.0 13 



22 
16.2 



2.5 
o2.7 



19 
14.0 



6.0: 

4.4' 



15 
11.1 



159 
211 
108 
85 
59 
41 
59 
72 
62 
66 
58 
74 
70 
42 
57 
64 
69 
94 
96 
104 



.0 



100 



.0 
31.1 



85 



27 
44 
43 
35 
14 
18 
17 
19 
18 
19 
22 
13 
16 
15 
9.2 
16 
15 
13 
12 
36 



.7 
.6 
1.5 
2.0 
1.2 
3.0 
2.7 
1.2 
2.7 
2.4 
3.5 
1.0 
6.0 
1.2 
2.4 
1.2 
7.0 
.6 
1.5 
1.0 



7.0 

19 

23 

14 
6.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.7 
4.7 
4.0 
4.5 
6.7 
5.5 
3.0 
4.0 
3.8 
3.3 
4.5 
4.5 

13 



12 
27 
17 
11 
9.7 



.6 
1.4 
1.3 
8.0 
2.0 



4.0 
5.3 
3.0 
4.5 
4.5 



10.0 



.7 



19 
14.0 



2.1 
1.5 



166 
141 
211 
139 



190 
284 
244 
229 
129 
126 
117 
170 
142 
121 
129 
115 
121 
138 
169 
119 
125 
138 
118 



3.8 
7.4 
8.4 
3.2 
2.9 
3.0 
8.5 
5.2 
7.7 

11.5 

17 

23 

24 

19 

13 
7 



92 
100 
140 
131 
116 



10. 158 



15.8 

17.5 

10.1 

5.0 

6.0 

9.2 

14.8 

10.3 

11.7 

18.8 

16.2 

8.2 

7.1 

11.6 



6. 8, 149 
5.0L-. 



a FeaOs. 



ANALYTICAL TABLES. 



89 



Table 46. — Average quality of waters of some rivers in Illinois. 
[Parts per million.] 



Source and location of 
sampling station. 



Reservoir, Cartter, 111 

Reservoir, Marion, 111 

Reservoirj Cypress, 111 . . . 

Reservoir, Joppa, 111 

Rock River, Rockford, 
111 

Rock River, Sterling, 111.. 

Kankakee River, Kanka- 
kee, 111 

Fox River, Elgin, 111 

Fox River, Ottawa, 111.. . 

Vermilion River (of Illi- 
nois), Streator, 111 

Sangamon River, Deca- 
tur, 111 

Sangamon River, Spring- 
field 111 

Sangamon River, Chan- 
dlerville, 111 

Illinois River, Lasalle, 111. 

Illinois River, Peoria, 111. 

Illinois River, Kamps- 
ville. Ill 

Kaskaskia River, Shelby- 
ville,Ill 

Kaskaskia River, Car- 
lyle,Ill 

Muddy River, Mtirphys- 
boro. 111 

Mississippi River, Mo- 
line, 111 

Mississippi River, 
Quincy, 111 

Mississippi River, Ches- 
ter, 111 

Vermilion River (of Wa- 
bash), Danville, 111 

Embarrass River, 
Charleston, 111 

Embarrass River, Law- 
renceville. 111 

Little Wabash River, 
Carmi, 111 

Cache River, Mounds, 111. 



72 

97 

155 

116 

134 
229 

50 
34 
94 

107 

126 

74 

154 

159 

43 

188 

110 

184 

245 

117 

173 

858 

115 

155 

118 

135 
134 



O) 

ft 

CO 

:=! 
m 



33 
43 
59 
66 

92 
236 

32 
23 

87 

78 

87 

39 

102 

136 

26 

145 

84 

126 

129 

106 

119 

634 

82 

140 

66 

68 
66 



e 



0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

.7 
1.2 

.7 

.7 

1.2 

.7 

.7 



1.9 

.93 
3.7 
3.5 

.44 
.31 

.27 
.15 
.20 

.22 

.27 

.32 

.32 
.21 
.21 

.27 

.23 

.39 

2.1 

.39 

.46 

.39 

.29 

.34 

.53 

2.0 
2.5 



O 



9.0 
15 
18 
10 

45 
49 

58 
51 
60 

55 

55 

52 

52 

50 
49 

47 

53 

47 

25 

33 

36 

44 

54 

51 

44 

20 
19 






3.6 
8.2 
7.0 
4.0 

25 

27 

21 
30 
32 

29 

26 

24 

25 
22 
21 

20 

26 

20 

12 

13 

16 

16 

25 

24 

19 

9.1 

6.0 



p44 

PI C3 
03 [Z; 



8.6 
17 
13 

9.0 

10 
12 

12 
11 
14 

18 

14 

16 

15 
16 
17 

18 

13 

14 

20 

10 

11 

21 

13 

13 

28 

15 
15 



O 



0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

.0 
.0 

.0 
.0 
.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 
.0 
.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 
.0 



c3^ 



w 



34 
51 
67 
43 

252 
263 

215 
268 
275 

241 

268 

247 

255 
203 
198 

202 

262 

213 

72 

152 

175 

174 

243 

249 

195 

88 
85 



2.1 
1.7 
2.2 
1.9 

4.1 
3.8 

4.1 
2.4 
4.9 

12 

8.5 

3.4 

6.1 
6.6 

7.8 

4.3 

6.9 

4.8 

2.0 

1.8 

2.2 

2.7 

12 

7.6 

3.7 

2.1 
2.1 



O 



5.2 
8.3 
6.8 
4.3 

4.6 
5.5 

4.9 
5.2 
7.9 

6.9 

5.4 

7.5 

7.6 
13 
13 

15 
5.6 
6.9 

13 
3.7 
4.4 
9.8 
4.5 
4.9 

35 

7.5 
6.8 



92 
140 
165 
111 

250 

267 

288 
290 
335 

325 

293 

276 

282 
278 
271 

267 

279 

248 

225 

179 

203 

269 

281 

270 

283 

176 
149 



INDEX. 



A. Page. 

Acknowledgments to those aiding 8 

Agriculture, data on 12 

Alden, W. C, on glacial drift 10 

Alton, water supply of 41-42 

Analyses, charts showing 16, 18 

tables giving 62-89 

Anderson, J. F., work of 52 

Arnold, C. H., work of 50 

B. 

Bamhouse, Perry, work of 50 

Barton, Alfred, work of 33 

Bartow, Edward, work of 7-8 

Bicarbonates, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Bloomington, water supply of 54 

Boilers, water for 6, 58-59 

water for, analyses of 7 

Brinkoetter, F. J., work of 42 

Brotherton, James, work of 33 

C. 

Cache River, description of 9, 52 

water of, analysis of. 53, 88, 89 

quality of 52-53 

samples of 52 

softening of 61 

Cairo, water supply of 53 

Calcium, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Calvert, C. K., work of 8, 17 

Carbonates, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Carbondale, water supply of 41 

Carlyle, water at, analysis of 39, 48, 79, 89 

water supply of 39 

Carmi, water at, analyses of 87, 89 

water supply of 51-52 

Cartter, reservoir at, water from 20, 61 

reservoir at, water from, analyses of 62, 89 

Champaign, water supply of 54 

Chandlerville, water at, analysis of 32, 74, 89 

Charleston, water at, analyses of 51, 85, 89 

water supply at 50 

Chester, water at 42-43, 45-49, 83, 89 

water at, analysis of 42, 45, 48, 83 

Chicago, water supply of 18-19, 54 

water supply of, analyses of 19 

Chicago drainage canal, description of 25 

effects of 37 

water of, solids in 25, 37 



Page. 

Chlorine, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Cities, water consumption of 5-6 

Climate, character of 9-10 

Coal, character and distribution of 11 

Coal-mine drainage, effect of, on water. .. 12-13 

Collins, W. D., work of 7-8, 16-17 

Cooperation , board for control of 7-8 

plan of 7-8 

Culture, description of 11-14 

Cypress, water at 61 

water at, analyses of : 64, 89 

D. 

Danville, water at, analyses of 84, 89 

water supply of 49 

Davidson, Ira, work of 33 

Decatur, water at, analysis of 32, 72, 89 

water supply of 31 

Des Moines River, water of, quality of 43 

Desplaines River, description of 26 

municipal supplies from 26 

water of, quality of 26 

Dissolved matter. See Solids, dissolved. 

Distilleries. See Liquor business. 

Drift, glacial, distribution of 10 

wells in 11 

Drinking, water used for 5-6 

Dry residue, composition of 17 

composition of, chart showing 16 

E. 

East St. Louis, water supply of 41-42 

Economic features, description of 11-14 

Effingham, water supply of 51 

Elgin, water of, analysis of 29-30, 69, 89 

water supply of 28 

Embarrass River, description of 50 

municipal supplies 50 

pollution of 13, 51 

water of, analyses of 51, 85-86, 89 

quality of 50-51 

samples of 50 

softening of 61 

F. 

Filtration, processes of 55-56 

Fox River, description of 28 

discharge of 29 

municipal supplies from 28 

powers on 28 

91 



92 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Fox River, water of, analyses of 29, 69-70, 89 

water of, quality of 29-30, 37 

samples of 29 

softening of 61 

G. 

Geology, description of 10-11 

Glacial drift, distribution of 10 

See also Drift. 

Golconda, water supply of 53 

Greenup, water supply at 51 

Gregory, F. H., work of 22 

H. 

Hydrography, description of 9 

See also particular streams. 

I. 

Illinois River, description of 9, 25 

discharge of 34^36, 46 

water of, analyses of 75-77, 89 

quality of 33-34, 43 

variation in 36-38 

samples of 33 

softening of 61 

See also particular tributaries. 
Illinois State Geological Survey, cooperation 

with 7 

Illinois State Water Survey, analyses by 7, 16 

cooperation with 7 

Indiana, oil-well pollution in 13 

Industries, character and distribution of . 13-14 

pollution from 13-14 

water used in 6 

essentials of 6, 57-61 

See also Laundries; Boilers; Softening. 

Iron, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Iron industry, water demands of 14 

J. 

Joppa, reservoir at, water from 20, 61 

reservoir at, water from, analyses of 65,89 

K. 

KampsviUe, water at, analyses of 33, 48, 77, 89 

Kankakee, water at, analyses of 68, 89 

water supply of 27 

Kankakee River, description of 26-27 

municipal supplies from 27 

water of, analyses of 68, 89 

quality of 27, 37 

samples of 27 

softening of 61 

Kaskaskia River, description of 9, 38 

mvmicipal supplies from 39 

reclamation on 38 

water of, analyses of 39, 78-79, 89 

quality of 39,48 

samples of 39 

softening of 61 

L. 

Lake Michigan, analyses of 19 

drainage to 17-18 

municipal supplies from 18 

water of, quality of 18-19 

softening of 61 

underground water near 18 



Page. 

Lannigan, M. P., work of 29 

Lasalle, water at 33-38, 75, 89 

water at, analyses of 33, 75 

dissolved solids in 35 

Laundries, water for 6, 57-58 

Lawrenceville, water at, analyses of 51, 86, 89 

Leighton, M. O., on Illinois rivers 6-7 

Liquor industry, pollution from 14 

water for 57 

Litterer, Fred. , work of 32 

Little Wabash River, description of 51 

municipal supplies of 51-52 

water of, analysis of 53, 87, 89 

quality of 52 

samples of 52 

softening of 61 

Long, Bessie, work of 32 

M. 

Madden, John, work of 32 

Magnesium, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

prevalence of, in surface water 10, 30 

Manufactures, character and distribution of.. 13-14 

See also Industries. 
Map of Illinois, showing location of stations.. 14 
Marion, reservoir at, water of 20, 61 

reservoir at, water of, analyses of 63, 89 

sampling at 15 

Martin, J. W., work of 32 

Meat industry, pollution from 13-14 

Mechanical filtration, methods of 55-56 

Metropolis, water supply of 53 

Michigan, Lake. See Lake Michigan. 

Mine drainage, effects of 12-13, 40 

Minerals, contamination by 6 

Mines, character and distribution of 12-13 

Minnesota River, water of, quality of 44-45 

Mississippi River, discharge of 44, 46 

municipal supplies from 41-42 

water of, analyses of 81-83, 89 

samples of 42 

softening of 61 

Missouri River, discharge of 46 

water of, quality of 43 

Moline, sampling at 15 

water at 44 

analysis of 42, 81, 89 

water supply of 41-42 

Morgan, Samuel, work of 52 

Mounds, water at, analyses of 53, 88, 89 

Muddy River, description of 9, 40 

municipal supplies from 41 

water of, analysis of 53, 80, 89 

quality of 40-41,52-53 

samples of 40 

softening of 61 

Municipal supplies, need of 53 

See also Wells; Surface supplies; particu- 
lar cities. 
Miirphysboro, water at, analyses of 53, 80, 89 

N. 

Nitrates, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Nutt, Isaac, work of 39 



INDEX. 



93 



O. Page. 

Obert, Gus, work of 32 

Ohio River, municipal supplies from 53 

water of, quality of 53 

Oil well drainage, effect of, on water 13, 51 

Olsen, Magnus, work of 42 

Ottawa, water at, analysis of 29-30, 70, 89 

Ozark uplift, description of 8 

P. 

Pennsylvanian series, character and distribu- 
tion of 11 

Peoria, water at 33-38, 76, 89 

water at, analyses of 33, 76 

dissolved solids in 36 

Pollution, data on 7 

prevalence of 5 

Pontiac, water supply of 30 

Population, data on 11-12 

Potassium. See Sodium and potassium. 
Potsdam sandstone, character and distribu- 
tion of 11 

wells in 11 

Precipitation. See Rainfall. 

Purification, methods of 55-57 

practicability of 5 

Q. 

Quincy, water at 42-44, 48 

water at, analysis of 42, 44, 48, 82, 89 

water supply of 41-42 

R. 

Rainfall, amount of 9-10 

Reservoirs, character and distribution of 19-20 

water of, analyses of 20 

quality of 20 

Rivers. See Streams; particular streams. 

Rockford, water at, analyses of 66, 89 

water at, dissolved solids in 23-24 

quality of 21-24 

residue from 22 

Rock Island, water supply of 41-42 

Rock River, description of 9, 20-21 

discharge of 21, 23 

industries on 21 

municipal supplies from 21 

power on 21 

water of, analyses of 66-67, 89 

quality of 22-24,43 

samples from 21-22 

softening of 61 

Ruegg, Mo., water at, quality of 48 

S. 

St. Peter sandstone, character ^nd distribu- 
tion of 11 

wells in 11 

Samples, analysis of, methods of. 15-17 

analysis of, results of 17, 62-89 

collection of 15 

Sand filtration, use of 55 

Sangamon River, description of 31 

municipal supplies from 31-32 

water of, analyses of 32, 72-74, 89 

quality of 32 

samples of 32 

softening of 61 



Page. 

Schilling, George, work of 39 

Sedimentation, use of 55 

Shelby ville, water at, analyses of 39, 78, 89 

water supply of 39 

Silica, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Sodium and potassium, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Softening, processes of 56-57, 59-61 

processes of, cost of 60-61 

Solids, dissolved, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

relation of, to suspended matter, chart 

showing 18 

Springfield, water at, analyses of 32, 73, 89 

water supply of 31 

Stagner, H. C, work of 40 

Steam boilers. See Boilers. 

Steenberg, W. V., work of 49 

Sterling, water at, analyses of 67, 89 

water at, dissolved solids in 23-24 

quality of 21-24 

residue from 22 

Straley, A. L., work of 27 

Streams, descriptions of 9 

Streams, flow of 9 

water of, quality of. See Surface waters. 

softening of 60-61 

Streator, water at, analyses of 71, 89 

water supply of 30 

Strodbeck, Louis, work of 50 

Sulphates, data on 62-89 

determination of 16 

Surface waters, conclusion on 61-62 

purification of 54-57 

quality of 9, 10, 15-17 

analyses of 62-89 

charts showing 16, 18 

determination of 6, 15-17 

See also particular waters. 
Suspended matter, data on 62-89 

determination of 15 

relation of, to dissolved matter, chart 

showing 18 

T. 

Tables, analytical, on surface waters 62-89 

Temperature, records of 10 

Topography, outline of 8 

Turbidity, data on 62-89 

determination of 15 

removal of 55-56 

U. 

University of Illinois, cooperation with 7 

XJrbana, laboratory at 15 

V. 

Vandalia, water supply of 39 

Vermilion River (of Illinois River), descrip- 
tion of 30 

municipal supplies from 30 

water from, analyses of 71, 89 

quality of 31,37 

samples of 30 

softening of 61 



94 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Vermilion River (of Wabash River), de- 
scription of 49 

municipal supplies from 49 

water of, analyses of 84, 89 

quality of 50 

samples of 49 

softening of 61 

W. 

Wabash River, description of 49 

See also 'particular tributaries. 



Page. 

Wells, character and distribution of 53-54 

municipal suppUes from 54 

water of, character of 54 

determination of 6 

Winkleblack, James, work of 50 

Y. 
Yohn, C. A., work of 22 



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